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14th October 1937 Francisco Franco 14th October 1937 Francisco Franco 1/1 Postcard depicting Francisco Franco in a three-quarter length pose. The card was sent during the Spanish Civil War from Zaragoza to an address in Bologna, Italy. Ref: 14.10.1937 Francisco Franco (1892 - 1975) Francisco Franco Bahamonde was a Spanish military general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo . This period in Spanish history, from the Nationalist victory to Franco's death, is commonly known as Francoist Spain or as the Francoist dictatorship. Born in Ferrol, Galicia, into an upper-class military family, Franco served in the Spanish Army as a cadet in the Toledo Infantry Academy from 1907 to 1910. While serving in Morocco, he rose through the ranks to become a brigadier general in 1926 at age 33. Two years later, Franco became the director of the General Military Academy in Zaragoza. As a conservative and monarchist, Franco regretted the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the Second Republic in 1931, and was devastated by the closing of his academy; nevertheless, he continued his service in the Republican Army. His career was boosted after the right-wing CEDA and PRR won the 1933 election, empowering him to lead the suppression of the 1934 uprising in Asturias. Franco was briefly elevated to Chief of Army Staff before the 1936 election moved the leftist Popular Front into power, relegating him to the Canary Islands. Initially reluctant, he joined the July 1936 military coup, which, after failing to take Spain, sparked the Spanish Civil War. During the war, he commanded Spain's African colonial army and later, following the deaths of much of the rebel leadership, became his faction's only leader, being appointed generalissimo and head of state in 1936. He consolidated all nationalist parties into the FET y de las JONS (creating a one-party state) and developed a cult of personality around his rule by founding the Movimiento Nacional . Three years later the Nationalists declared victory, which extended Franco's dictatorship over Spain through a period of repression of political opponents. His dictatorship's use of forced labour, concentration camps and executions led to between 30,000 and 50,000 deaths. Combined with wartime killings, this brings the death toll of the White Terror to between 100,000 and 200,000. During World War II, he maintained Spanish neutrality, but supported the Axis—in recompense to Italy and Germany for their support during the Civil War—damaging the country's international reputation in various ways. During the start of the Cold War, Franco lifted Spain out of its mid-20th century economic depression through technocratic and economically liberal policies, presiding over a period of accelerated growth known as the 'Spanish miracle'. At the same time, his regime transitioned from a totalitarian state to an authoritarian one with limited pluralism. He became a leader in the anti-communist movement, garnering support from the West, particularly the United States. As the dictatorship relaxed its hard-line policies, Luis Carrero Blanco became Franco's éminence grise , whose role expanded after Franco began struggling with Parkinson's disease in the 1960s. In 1973, Franco resigned as prime minister—separated from the office of head of state since 1967—due to his advanced age and illness. Nevertheless, he remained in power as the head of state and as commander-in-chief. Franco died in 1975, aged 82, and was entombed in the Valle de los Caídos. He restored the monarchy in his final years, being succeeded by Juan Carlos, King of Spain, who led the Spanish transition to democracy. The legacy of Franco in Spanish history remains controversial, as the nature of his dictatorship changed over time. His reign was marked by both brutal repression, with tens of thousands killed, and economic prosperity, which greatly improved the quality of life in Spain. His dictatorial style proved adaptable enough to allow social and economic reform, but still centred on highly centralised government, authoritarianism, nationalism, national Catholicism, anti-freemasonry and anti-communism. Source: Wikipedia Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Mi.42A-50A (28.06/04.10.1945) 'Numeral Series' Mi.42A-50A (28.06/04.10.1945) 'Numeral Series' 1/0 Allied Occupation (Soviet Zone - East Saxony), 'Numeral Series' Mi.42A - 50A issued 28th June and 4th October 1945 East Saxony 6 Pf - Mi.43B rouletted (I or II, a or b?). Ref: 10.08.1945 East Saxony 8 Pf - Mi.44A (a, b or c?). Ref: 25.10.1945 East Saxony 10 Pf - Mi.45A. Ref: 25.10.1945 East Saxony 12 Pf - Mi.46A (a or b?). Ref: 25.10.1945 East Saxony 15 Pf - Mi.47A (a or b?). Ref: 31.12.1945 East Saxony 20 Pf - Mi.48A a, b, or c? Ref: 31.03.1946 - 10/63 East Saxony 20 Pf - Mi.48A a, b, or c? Ref: 17.12.1945 East Saxony 40 Pf - Mi.50A. Ref: 25.10.1945

Cover sent from ? to Coburg, featuring two 'Regional Costumes' stamps - Mi.588 and Mi.590. Ref: 25.11.1935 25th November 1935 1/1 Cover sent from ? to Coburg, featuring two 'Regional Costumes' stamps - Mi.588 and Mi.590. Ref: 25.11.1935 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Cover sent from Austria to Switzerland featuring a propaganda vignette (measuring 72 x 50 mm) to the reverse stating '1933 3.Verbandsturnfest Saaz' on a 'Turnerkreuze'. Ref: 02.01.1933 - 14/54 2nd January 1933 Turnfest Envelope with advertsing/propaganda vignette to reverse. Envelope with advertsing/propaganda vignette to reverse. 1/1 Cover sent from Austria to Switzerland featuring a propaganda vignette (measuring 72 x 50 mm) to the reverse stating '1933 3.Verbandsturnfest Saaz' on a 'Turnerkreuze'. Ref: 02.01.1933 - 14/54 The 3rd Gymnastics Festival, Saaz, held between 13th - 16th July 1933, was staged by the Sudeten German politician Konrad Henlein. The event saw some 20,000 Turnerbund members perform carefully choreographed displays. Henlein would later declare the Turnerbund as the 'educational body of Sudeten Germans' . After the Saaz rally Henlein was widely viewed as the 'man of the hour', and knowing that the Czechoslovak authorities were about to ban two main völkisch parties in the Sudetenland as treasonous, Henlein took advantage of the ensuing political vacuum. On 1st October 1933, Henlein founded the Sudetendeutsche Heimatfront (Sudeten German Home Front). [Also see Hans von Tschammer und Osten] The advertising stamp above celebrates the 1st Turnfest in Linz, 1922. It is noted that the symbol being held in the eagles claw is similar but not quite the same as the vignette on the present cover. The original symbol is circular and constructed of four interlocking 'F's. It could easily be construed as an early form of Nazi swastika. The term for this symbol is 'Turnerkreuze' and the 'F's represent the initial letters of the organisations motto, 'Frisch, Fromm, Fröhlich, Frei' (Fresh, Pious, Cheerful, Free). The vignette produced for the Saaz event is overtly designed to reflect the German nationalist sentiment prevalent at the time in the Sudetenland. Turnfest vignettes from the 12th festival held in Leipzig 12th - 16th July 1913 Ref: 15.07.1913 - 10/70 Ref: 15.07.1913 - 10/70 Ref: 15.07.1913 - 10/70 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

1st October 1938 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 31st

20th March 1937 20th March 1937 1/1 Reply postcard sent from the Land Registry in Nassau an der Liahn to an address in Singhofen. Featuring official 3 Pf postage stamps (Mi.132). The card is folded at the centre with reply card attached. Ref: 20.03.1937 Reply card (as attached) Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Commemorative postcard issued by the Swabian Regional Association of the German Philatelic Federation to celebrate the 1st Swabian Postage Stamp Exhibition 8th -16th January 1938. Featuring commemorative cancel JB:Stuttgart69/713. Note: Postcard also available in brown (and other colours?). Ref: 16.01.1938 16th January 1938 Schwaben Philatelisten 1/1 Commemorative postcard issued by the Swabian Regional Association of the German Philatelic Federation to celebrate the 1st Swabian Postage Stamp Exhibition 8th -16th January 1938. Featuring commemorative cancel JB:Stuttgart69/713. Note: Postcard also available in brown (and other colours?). Ref: 16.01.1938 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

May 1934 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st

7th August 1936 1/1 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

2nd October 1945 2nd October 1945 1/0 Fakes? 'Note that Franz Massino, the Fredersdorf postmaster, kept the F.M seal in his family. I once met his son in ~1993 and was allowed to overprint some modern postage for myself and other collectors of Fredersdorf provisionals. A few years after that, the F.M seal has been auctioned in Berlin and said to be purchased by the post museum in Berlin. Never checked this information' Philipp Harder - taken from Stampboards.com

11th October 1933 1/3 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page