Who's Who Who's Who Who's who Postcard (cancelled but not sent) depicting Baldur von Schirach (1907-1974), German politician who served as head of the Hitler Youth from 1931 to 1940. From 1940 to 1945, Schirach served as the Gauleiter (district leader) and Reichsstatthalter (Reich governor) of Vienna. Ref: 17.09.1942 WHO'S WHO Noteworthy people within the Brief History collection (for artists and cartoonists click here) A Adler , Johannes (1899-1963) Musical instrument manufacturer - see 27/7 B Bartels , Adolf (1862-1945) German journalist, writer and poet - see 23.01.1943 - 33/9 Behring , Emil von (1854-1917) German physiologist Bergkessel , Erich (1889-????) Kapitänleutnant - see 08.03.1939 Bochmann , Julius (????-????) German philatelist and postmark expert Brauchle , Alfred (1898-1964) German physician and naturopath C Churchill , Winston (1874-1965) British Prime Minister 1940-1945 and 1951-1955 'Give us the tools' speech, February 1941 D Dahmann , Kurt (1915-2005) German philatelist - see 33/21 Diebitsch , Karl (1899-1985) German artist and SS officer responsible for designing much of the SS regalia Dollfuss , Engelbert (1892-1934) Austrian politician, President and Dictator of Austria 1932-1934 See 17/80 Dreschel , Margot (1908-1945) Concentration camp prison guard F Fehleisen , Georg (1893-1936) German architect Franco , Francisco (1892-1975) (see P.140 of LBC Spain in Revolt) Spanish general, dictator Frederick the Great (1712-1786) King in/of Prussia G Genschow - see 37/6 Glasewald , A.E. (1861-1926) German philatelist Goethe , Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1932) German polymath Göring , Hermann (1893-1946) - see 33/43 German politician, aviator, military leader, and convicted war criminal Göring , Emmy (1893-1973) Second wife of Hermann Göring Göring , Edda (1938-2018) Only daughter of Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring Guderian , Heinz (1888-1954) German general of WWII H Heinrich of Saxony , Ernst (1896-1971) Prince of the Saxon Royal Family Hennemann , Hugo (1893-????) Bürgomeister of Hergisdorf - A philatelic cover posted at Berlin-Weissensee on 13th September 1942 and addressed to Hugo Hennemann, Bürgermeister of Hergisdorf, Mansfelder Gebirgskreis. It bears the special “Wehrkampftage der SA 1942 – Sportappell der Betriebe” cancellation associated with the SA military-sports competition in Berlin-Weissensee. The franking comprises a 6 Pfennig Hitler definitive together with the special 6+4 Pfennig Wehrkampftage der SA 1942 commemorative stamp. Hugo Hennemann, born 22nd June 1893 at Kreisfeld, was a master carpenter who had established a business in Hergisdorf before entering municipal office. He became Gemeindeschulze in 1934 and subsequently Bürgermeister. Contemporary Hergisdorf records explicitly describe him as “Parteigenosse Hugo Hennemann”, confirming his membership of the NSDAP. Ref: 13.09.1942 - 34/9 (not shown within BH) Hindenburg , Paul von (1847-1934) President of Germany 1925-1934 Högler , Sigmund (????-????) Retired Lieutenant-Colonel. Jewish persecution. Höhlig , Martin (1882-1948) German society photographer Hompel , Rudolf ten (1878-1948) - postcard sent to Sofie ten Hompel (self-addressed?). A relative? - see 34/53 Horthy , Niklaus (Miklós) (1868-1957) Hungarian admiral, statesman and regent of the Kingdom of Hungary Hudolin , Fritz (????-????) - see 19/117 In May 1939 he was listed as Gauringleiter (Sudetenland?). 1941 - Gauringleiter in Oberschlesien. later part-time Gauringleiter, part-time at the Reichring national office. 1942 - responsible for overseeing the various Gauring newsletters and full-time in the Berlin office. 7th April 1945, Hudolin takes over what is left of the Reichsring für nationalsozialistische Propaganda und Volksaufklarung. I Imhoff , Sigmuind von (1881-1967) German Generalmajor K Kestenberg , Leo (1882-1962) Prussian Ministry of Culture in 1932 Kramerius , Václav Matěj (1753-1808) Czech publisher, important early figures of the Czech National Revival L Lämmel , Wilfried (1904-1974) Kreisleiter and SS-Standartenführer Lauterbacher , Hartmann (1909 - 1988) Senior regional leader of the Hitler Youth Lehár , Franz (1870-1948) Austro-Hungarian composer Lettow-Vorbeck , Paul von (1870-1964) German Colonel of WWI, 'Rommel' of East Africa M May , Karl (1842-1912) German writer of adventure novels Meyer , Dr. Sepp (????-????) Regierungsdirektor Vienna?, Amts für Kommunalpolitik (Gauleitung Niederdonau) Mozart , Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791) Composer and musician Mussolini , Benito (1883-1945) Italian Prime Minister (1922-1943), leader of Italian Fascism (1919-1945) N Nadolny , Rudolf (1873-1953) German Diplomat Neurath , Konstantin von (1873-1956) Protector of Bohemia and Moravia P Paul , Prince Regent (1893-1976) of Yugoslavia Pictured with Princess Olga (1903-1997). Pope Pius XI (1857-1939) Italian priest, 260th Pope, 1922-1939 R Roettig , Wilhelm Fritz von (1888-1939) German general, first general to be killed in World War II Rosegger , Peter (1843-1918) Austrian poet and author S Sauer , Arthur (1874-1946) German Chemist and entrepreneur Schickedanz , Arno (1892-1945) German journalist Schirp , Will (1874-1952) Poet ( https://www.heimatjahrbuch-vulkaneifel.de/VT/hjb2009/hjb2009.81.htm ) - see 27/36 Schirach , Baldur (1907-1974) German politician, Leader of the Hitler Youth, Governor of Vienna Schlegelberger , Franz (1876-1970) State Secretary in the German Reich Ministry of Justice Schnitzler , George von (1884-1962) Board member at I G Farben, war criminal Schönerer , Georg von (1842-1921) Austrian politician (German nationalist) - see 7/12 Schulenburg , Graf von der (1875-1944) German diplomat, conspirator of the 20th July Bomb Plot Schwarz , Franz Xaver (1875-1947) National Treasurer of the Nazi party Schweitzer , Hans (1901-1980) Reich Commissioner for Artistic Design, potage stamp designer Sieger , Hermann E. (1902-1954) German National Socialist politician and philatelist Simmross , Krafft Friedrich Wilhelm (????-????) German Military Intelligence Spies , Otto von (????-????) German Kapitanleutnant ('Arkona', floating anti-aircraft battery) Spitzweg , Carl (1808-1885) German artist Stein , Edith (1891-1942) Canonised Catholic convert Stein , Heinrich Friedrich Karl (1757-1831) Prussian statesman and reformer Stephan , Heinrich von (1831-1897) Postal Director for the German Empire Süss , Franz (????-????) Postal order receipt with signature, Dachau. Unsure of identity - see 35/14 T Thieme ,Clémens (1861-1945) German architect Thyssen , 'Fritz' (1873-1951) German Industrialist Tschammer , Hans von (1887-1943) German Reichs Sports Leader W Wagner , Josef (1899-1945) Gauleiter of Gau Westphalia-South and Gau Silesia, Reichskommissar for Pricing Wagner , Winifred (1897-1980) Wife of Siegfried Wagner, Richard Wagner's son. Webb , Sidney (1859-1947) British socialist, economist and reformer Wegerer-Seebach , Asta von (1854-1931) German poet and composer Z Zamenhof , L.L. (1859-1917) Russian linguist, creator of Espernto Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

This airmail cover was posted at Hamburg on 22nd April 1938 and addressed to Sr. Walter Philipp in Havana, Cuba. The manuscript instruction “Flugpost via New-York” directed the letter by air through New York for onward transmission to Cuba. The reverse bears a Havana arrival marking dated 25th April 1938, indicating that the journey from Hamburg to Havana was completed in approximately three days. A Cuban slogan marking on the reverse reads “COMPRE PRODUCTOS DE CUBA – PROTEJA LA INDUSTRIA NACIONAL” (“Buy Cuban products – protect national industry”). The cover is franked with a 25 Rpf Hindenburg definitive and three 6 Rpf stamps commemorating the plebiscite of 10th April 1938, giving a total franking of 43 Reichspfennig. The 6 Rpf stamps, Michel 662, carry the propaganda inscription “Ein Volk – Ein Reich – Ein Führer” and had been issued in connection with the plebiscite following the German annexation of Austria. Consequently, these stamps were being used on this international letter only twelve days after the plebiscite, providing an example of contemporary Nazi political propaganda entering ordinary overseas postal use almost immediately. The sender's address on the reverse appears to read R. Philipp, Pilatuspool 1, Hamburg, giving the sender and recipient the same surname. A family relationship is therefore possible, although this has not presently been established, nor has a commercial connection between the two Philipps been identified. Ref: 22.04.1938 - 37/3 22nd April 1938 Hamburg: Cuba This airmail cover was posted at Hamburg on 22nd April 1938 and addressed to Sr. Walter Philipp in Havana, Cuba. The manuscript instruction “Flugpost via New-York” directed the letter by air through New York for onward transmission to Cuba. The reverse bears a Havana arrival marking dated 25th April 1938, indicating that the journey from Hamburg to Havana was completed in approximately three days. A Cuban slogan marking on the reverse reads “COMPRE PRODUCTOS DE CUBA – PROTEJA LA INDUSTRIA NACIONAL” (“Buy Cuban products – protect national industry”). The cover is franked with a 25 Rpf Hindenburg definitive and three 6 Rpf stamps commemorating the plebiscite of 10th April 1938, giving a total franking of 43 Reichspfennig. The 6 Rpf stamps, Michel 662, carry the propaganda inscription “Ein Volk – Ein Reich – Ein Führer” and had been issued in connection with the plebiscite following the German annexation of Austria. Consequently, these stamps were being used on this international letter only twelve days after the plebiscite, providing an example of contemporary Nazi political propaganda entering ordinary overseas postal use almost immediately. The sender's address on the reverse appears to read R. Philipp, Pilatuspool 1, Hamburg, giving the sender and recipient the same surname. A family relationship is therefore possible, although this has not presently been established, nor has a commercial connection between the two Philipps been identified. Ref: 22.04.1938 - 37/3 Research caveat: A potentially interesting but presently unproven identification exists for the recipient. An artist named Walter Philipp was born in Hamburg on 1st January 1897 and later lived and worked in New York, where his paintings attracted attention during the 1940s. The combination of the recipient's name, his presence overseas and the Hamburg connection makes comparison worthwhile; however, no evidence has yet been found placing that Walter Philipp in Havana in 1938 or connecting him with the Cuban address on this cover. The identification should therefore remain a research possibility only and should not presently be regarded as established. Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Commercial postcard issued by Paul Koch and advertising the 'Ka-Be' range of stamp albums. Ref: 07.09.1935 7th September 1935 Paul Koch Commercial postcard issued by Paul Koch and advertising the 'Ka-Be' range of stamp albums. Ref: 07.09.1935 Paul Koch &'KA-BE' Also see 07.09.1935 - 24/69, 17.12.1945 - 34/29, 14.08.1967 - 37/4 Commercial postcard sent from Paul Koch, G.M.B.H, in Aschersleben. Link to more details for this postcard here . Ref: 10.01.1937 - 26/85 'Ka-Be' advertising vignette. Requires reference. Sheet from a 'Ka-Be' memo pad (possibly waste as the registration is so poor). To the reverse is a Mi.822 (European Postal Congress) with special cancellation dated 12.10.1942. Ref: 12.10.1942 - 26/82 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

29th September 1937 JB: Berlin 29th September 1937 Bochmann Berlin Cover sent from Berlin to an address in Jena. Featuring either Mi.646 or Mi.648 (from miniature sheets Block 7 or Block 9, without inscription on either side column design) and Mi.650 (taken from Block 11, with inscription to each side column design). With special cancellation (JB: Berlin243/114). Ref: 29.09.1937 - 27/86 BERLIN cancellations as featured in the Bochmann catalogues (1952) JB:Berlin146/99 - 'Germanoposta' - Ref: 08.04.1934 - 24/10 JB:Berlin170/102 - 12.Große deutsche/ Rundfunkausstellung/ Berlin 1935. Ref: 22.08.1935 JB:Berlin178/103 - see 07.01.1936 - 24/72 JB:Berlin179/103 - see 18.01.1936 - 24/74 JB:Berlin182/103 - 'Autoschau Berlin 1936/ 1886 1936/ 50 Jahre Automobil'. Ref: 27.02.1936 JB:Belin201/107 - 'Besucht/ Die Küche der Welt/ Jahresschau/ 7.-18. Oktober/ Kaiserdamm Berlin'. Ref: 10.10.1936 JB:Berlin208/108 - see 20.12.1936 - 26/10 JB:Berlin210/108 - 'Kolonial-Briefmarken-Schau/ 9.-10.1.11937'. Ref: 09.01.1937 JB:Berlin211/109 - 'Tag der Briefmarke/ 10.01.1937 10-19'. Ref: 10.01.1937 - 26/85 JB:Berlin213/109 - Kolonialfeiern/ vom 23.u.24.Jan.37/ Zoo - Berlin'. Ref: 23.01.1937 JB: Berlin220/111 - see 08.04.1937 - 22/97 JB: Berlin222/111 - see 27/38 JB:Berlin224/112 - 'Jede deutsche Frau ins/ Deutsche/ Frauenwer!/ Berlin-Schöneberg/ Hauptstr.19.II'. Ref: 25.05.1937 JB: Berlin234 (a)/113 - see 13.08.1937 JB: Berlin241/113 - see 33/21 JB:Berlin243/114 - 'Staatstreffen Mussolini - Hitler/ 25.-29. 9.1939'. Ref: 29.09.1937 JB:Berlin244/114 - '5/ Jahre/ Briefmarken-Tauschzirkel Charlottenburg 1932/ 10.10.1937'. Ref: 10.10.1937 JB:Berlin247/114 - 'Briefmarken-/ Sammler-/ Verein/ Köpenick/ 1907 1937/ Jubiläums-Werbeschau'. Ref: 21.11.1937 JB:Berlin248/115 - 'Tag der Nationalen Solidarität'. Ref: 04.12.1937 - 17/26 JB: Berlin253Hd (W62/C)/115 - see 19/18 JB: Berlin255/116 - see 33/11 JB: Berlin263/117 - see 34/53 JB: Berlin265/117 - see 28/99 JB:Berlin269/117 - 'Kolonialausstellung/ 14..-29. Mai 1938'. Ref: 18.05.1938 - 27/100 JB:Berlin270Hd(5/a)/117 - see 19/51 JB:Berlin273/118 - 'Schalke 04 - Hannover 96/ Deutsche Fußball/ Meisterschaft/ Endspiel im Olympia-Stadion' (5/c). Ref: 03.07.1938 Note on JB: Berlin273/118 . Cancellation '5/d' is a Rohrpost cancel that features the minutes following the date. CHECK JB:Berlin280/119 - see 29/4 JB:Berlin281/119 - see 14.08.1938 JB:Berlin282/119 - 'Deutschlandreise/ Reichsverweser v. Horthy/ 8.1938' (used on 25th & 26th August). Ref: 25.08.1938 - 28/33 JB: Berlin300/121 - see 30.01.1939 - 23/1 JB: Berlin301/121 - see 18.02.1939 - 22/82,83 & 84 JB: Berlin303/122 - see 19.03.1939 JB:Belin311/123 - 'Heimkehr der Legion Condor/ 6.6.1939'. Ref: 06.06.1939 - 29/48 JB:Berlin313/123 - '16. Große Deutsche/ Rundfunk- u./ Fernsehrundfunk-/ Ausstellung/ 28.7.-6.8./ Berlin 1939'. Ref: 05.08.1939 JB:Berlin322/125 see 29.03.1940 - 23/63 & 64 JB:Berlin323/125 - 'Nationale/ Briefmarken-/ Ausstellung 1940/ Deutsche Marken-/ Deutsche Stempel'. Ref: 29.03.1940 - 23/65 JB:Berlin328/126 see 20.04.1940 - 23/74 JB:Berlin335/127 see 11.11.1940 - 30/83 JB:Berlin336/127 see 27.10.1940 - 26/43 JB:Berlin338/127 see 24.11.1940 - 30/87 JB:Berlin346/128 - see 34/48 JB:Berlin349/128 - see 34/48 JB:Berlin350/128 see 30.01.1941 JB:Berlin364/130 - 'Seegeltung = Weltgeltung/ 15.6.1941'. Ref: 15.06.1941 JB:Berlin368/130 - '1 Briefmarken-Werbeschau Kreis IX/ 1.11. u. 2.11. 1941/ 11.1941'. Ref: 03.11.1941 JB:Berlin369/131 - see 34/14 JB:Berlin370/131 - see 33/44 JB:Berlin371/131 - 'Sie starben für Grossdeutschland/ 15.3.1942'. Ref: 15.03.1942 Note on JB:Berlin 371/131 . This cancel was only used in conjunction with postage stamp Mi.812 issued to commemorate Heroe's Memorial Day. JB:Belin372/131 - see 28/53 JB:Berlin376 (a-I)/132 - 'Ausstellung/ Das Sowjet-Paradies/ im Lustgarten - 9.Mai - 21.Juni'. Ref: 21.06.1942 JB:Berlin376/132 (a-II)/132 - 'Ausstellung/ Das Sowjet-Paradies/ im Lustgarten - 9.Mai - 21.Juni'. Ref: 19.06.1942 Note on JB:Berlin376/132 . There are two variations: designation letter 'a', which is small, thin and left-leaning (a-I), and designation letter 'a' which is large, thick and vertical (a-II). Note: Whilst Bochmann lists two variations of 376 it is to be noted that the images depicting the man, woman and child are in fact different. The note regarding the 'a' identification letter does not emphasise that the font is not the same. This indicates that more than two design variations exist (unless this is variation Bochmann intended to catalogue). JB:Berlin381/132 - 'Hertha B.S.C. Jubiläumsspiele/ 50/ 1892-1942/ 16.8/ 1942'. Ref: 16.08.1942 JB:Berlin382/132 - 'Wehrkampftage der SA. 1942/ Sportappell der Betriebe/ 13.9.1942'. Ref: 13.09.1942 - 36/39 JB:Berlin385/132 - see 7/10 JB:Berlin389/133 - see 11.12.1943 - 7/8 (with notes on apparent date error) JB:Berlin391/133 - 'Ihr Opfer verpflichtet/ Kriegs/ Hilfswerk/ 1944'. Note: The last special cancellation of 1944. Ref: 26.08.1944 - 34/3 POST WAR JB:Berlin394/133 - Delegierten-Beratung/ der Freien/ Deutschen Gewerkschaften/ für das sowjetisch besetzte/ deutsche gebiet/ 9.-11.Februar 1946'. Ref: 10.02.1946 - 16/47 JB:Berlin397/134 - '15. Parteitag der/ Kommunistischen Partei/ Deutschlands/ 19/20.April 1946'. Ref:19.04.1946 - 15/20 JB:Berlin405/134 - see 14/97 (black), 34/60 (violet, 'b') JB:Berlin409/135 - 'Biennial Exposition/ U.S. Military Government/ 1945/ 11.-27.7.1947/ 1947/ U.S. Militärregierung/ Zwei-Jahres-Ausstellung'. Ref: 11.07.1947 GENERIC CANCELLATIONS used in numerous cities including Berlin JB:70/808 - see 05.09.1934 - 18/66 JB:72/808 - see 20.06.1934 - 24/12 JB:117/813 - 'Weihnachtssendungen/ rechzeitig aufgeben'. Ref:12.12.1935 - 16/62 JB:164/819 - see 10.07.1935, 30/28 (1940 variation) JB:165/818 - 'Heimatgrüße/ nach Übersee durch/ verbilligte Telegramme/ 14.12.-6.1.' (generic cancellation used in 17 cities). Ref: 06.01.1938 JB:166/818 - see 22.04.1936 - 24/80, 32/52, 34/6, 34/17 JB:169G/819 - see 34/77 JB:194A/821 JB:203/822 - 'Erfülle Deine/ Luftschutzpflicht!' (generic cancellation used in six cities). Ref: 08.09.1936 JB:203/822 variation - 'Erfülle Deine/ Luftschutzpflicht!' (generic cancellation used in six cities). Ref: 15.09.1940 JB:207/822 - see 12.05.1936 - 24/83 JB:216/823 - 'Berlin 1936/ Ausstellung/ Deutschland/ 18.7.-16.8/ Am Kaiserdamm' (generic cancellation used in 17 cities). Ref: 11.07.1936 JB:268/828 - see 29/89 (good example) JB:289/830 - 'Internationale/ Handwerks/ Ausstellung/ Berlin 1938/ 28.Mai-10.Juli'. Ref: 04.06.1938 - 22/65 JB:337/835 - 22.12.1939 - 30/10 JB:346/836 - 'Ein Volk/ hilft sich/ selbst/ Kriegs-WHW' (generic cancellation used in eight cities). Ref: 25.01.1940 JB:366/838 - see 18.01.1941 - 22/2 JB:368/838 - see 28.02.1941 - 33/92 JB:372/838 - see 29.05.1941 - 35/4 JB:373/838 - see 21.08.1944 - 27/1 JB:339/835 - see 31.12.1939 - 30/19 JB:400/841 - see 06.07.1943 - 23/24 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

22nd April 1938 Schools: Hanover See 31.12.1939 - 30/20 (late use of postcard BV2156) Schools in Hanover 'Raise the flag!'. At the school flag ceremony, boys and girls had to stand at attention with their teachers in the schoolyard and salute the swastika flag with 'Heil Hitler.' The flag song was sung (refrain): 'Our flag flutters before us. Our flag is the new age. And the flag leads us into eternity! Yes, the flag is more than death.' The 10 to 18-year-olds didn't consider how seriously the last line was meant. In another song adopted from the SA, it said: '...when Jewish blood spurts from the knife, then that's doubly good.' From 1936/37 onward, the Nazis increasingly restructured school curricula. Hitler photos in the classroom and swastika flags in and around the school became commonplace. In the 'ideologically formative' subject of German, spelling, grammar, and literature were relegated to the background. Instead, the German fatherland and the heroes of German history were emphasized. History lessons were restricted—instead of world history, only German history was taught, with a focus on the 'superiority of the Nordic race.' New to the National Socialist biology curriculum were 'heredity' and 'racial studies' —a subject in which pseudoscientific claims were disseminated that were and are rejected by reputable science. Instead of acquiring knowledge, 'physical fitness' was promoted as the National Socialist ideal—the number of physical education hours increased from two to four to six hours per week. Classical humanistic education was rejected as 'un-German.' According to Reich Youth Leader von Schirach, 'a teacher was inherently no more suitable as a leader of youth than any other member of the German people'. Although teachers were clearly not highly regarded, 97% of all schoolteachers joined the National Socialist Teachers' League. A third of all teachers were party members. School teachers and university professors deemed unsympathetic to the Nazi regime and Jewish teachers were dismissed from their teaching positions by order of Bernhard Rust, the Prussian Minister of Culture, who hailed from Hanover. From 1936 onward, the Herschel School and the Humboldt School offered an advisory center for 'aviation health' within the city's schools. 1939: The Bismarck School was converted into a military hospital. The Leibniz School showed particular devotion to the new regime: The school's director, Fritz Heiligenstaedt, reported the 'purging' of the school library and handed over masses of liberal literature for book burning at the Bismarck Tower. The Catholic Bonifatius School got a new headmaster on 17th October 1933: Schneemann was an enthusiastic National Socialist and frequently appeared at school in SA uniform. He forced the students to join the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls (BDM) en masse. Hitler Youth service was scheduled to coincide with Sunday morning church services. The Free Waldorf School was downgraded to an experimental school and closed in April 1939. Students at the Ratsgymnasium (a type of secondary school) defied their National Socialist history teacher, who was subsequently dismissed. In 1937, the last Jewish student (Israel Schul) passed his Abitur (university entrance exam). At the Kaiser Wilhelm Gymnasium, the headmaster, Hoesch, was almost dismissed because a student wrote an essay on freedom of the press. After the Nazis seized power, new school subjects were introduced: 'German Prehistory,' 'Heredity,' and 'Racial Studies.' In everyday school life, Jewish classmates were humiliated in front of the class. On the blackboard, written in German cursive script, are the words: 'The Jew is our greatest enemy. Beware of the Jews.' On the right, with bowed heads, are Jewish classmates. From 19th September 1935, Jewish pupils were no longer allowed to attend public schools. From May 1935, there was a Jewish elementary school run by the Jewish community of Hanover on Lützowstraße (from the book: History of the City of Hanover) . From June 1942, all schools for Jewish children and young people were closed. Source: https://www.ns-zeit-hannover.de/ Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

30th December 1940 Feldpost: Funken, Augsburg This Feldpost cover and its surviving three-page letter were sent from Augsburg on 30th December 1940, the letter itself having been written the previous day, 29th December 1940. The writer appears to be Winfried Grabherr, serving as a Funker (radio/signals operator) with the 2. (Funk-Ersatz-) Kompanie of Nachrichten-Ersatz-Abteilung 27, a Wehrmacht signals replacement unit formed at Augsburg in July 1940. The letter was addressed to Johann Grabherr, Schulleiter i.R., Hörbranz near Bregenz. Johann Grabherr can be independently identified as a Hörbranz teacher and former school director who had served with the Bregenz Standschützen during the First World War; a Hörbranz historical account records that by 1935 he was already described as Schulleiter i.R., precisely matching the designation on this cover. The letter opens “Lieber Papa u. Mamma!” (“Dear Papa and Mama!”), providing strong evidence that Johann Grabherr was the writer's father. The contents give an unusually personal account of Grabherr's military training at Augsburg. He writes that the course was becoming stricter from day to day and remarks that radio signalling (Funken) required considerable mental effort, while infantry training was already in full swing. He describes instruction by a young Gefreiter, being made to run his first punishment lap around the Exerzierplatz for a minor mistake, and undergoing a series of vaccinations. These details correspond closely with the sender's service in the radio replacement company of Nachrichten-Ersatz-Abteilung 27. The letter also provides glimpses of everyday wartime life: Grabherr mentions the cold, a fellow Kamerad confined to bed following vaccination, a shoe purchase voucher, parcels from home, and monotonous meals dominated by potatoes, specifically asking his family to send him apples. Before leaving home he had apparently also been involved in local municipal matters, referring to a Gratifikation from the Gemeinde, thanking the Bürgermeister, and recalling an occasion when he collected brushwood with Arbeitsmaiden. Taken together, the cover and letter provide a particularly good contemporary record of the training, family connections and everyday experiences of a young Wehrmacht signals trainee at Augsburg in the winter of 1940. Ref: 30.12.1940 - 37/2 Use of feldpost machine cancellation form 19, with 7 straight line at (SM 2) at each side (anordnung c). Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Feldpost Cancellation Directory Feldpost Cancellation Directory Feldpost Cancellation Directory Feldpost Cancellation Directory 1937-1945 'FELDPOST' (Type 01 - Hand-stamp) 'FELDPOST' designation letters: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o , a1etc. , Aa etc. , Misc. 'FELDPOST' (variations) 'FELDPOST' double circle 'FELDPOST' Danzig double circle (MFP, p.48) - see 09.12.1939 (Type a - 1), 34/76 (Type a - 4), 10.03.1941 (Type c - 15) 'FELDPOST' Brussels double circle (Types 1 - 24) 'FELDPOST' Kreismaschinenhalbstempel (Type 1 - 22mm) with or without slogan - see 10.12.1940 - 32/3 (MFP2/47 - Werbestempel 1) Single Circle (Types 01-11 - Hand-stamp) Type 01 - Single circle only - see 30/12, 30/18, 10.02.1940 - 30/38, 26.06.1940 - 23/95, 14.10.1940 - 30/71, 04.11.1940 - 30/77, 34/33 Type 01 - Single circle only that has been customised - see 32/73 (MFPh/80) Type 02 - Single circle with two floating parralell bars to centre Type 03 - Single circle with central rectangular box Type 04 - Single circle with upper third of inner circle missing Type 05 - Single circle with upper and lower portion of inner circle missing Type 06 - Single circle with upper and lower arch Type 07 - Single circle with upper arch only Type 08 - Single circle with lower arch only Type 09 - Single circle with upper and lower gridded arch Type 10 - Single circle with upper gridded arch Type 11 - Single circle with lower gridded arch Single Circle cancellation with lines (on either side or both) See 30.12.1939-30/25 Single Circle cancellations with slogan Single Circle with Bar (Types 12-24) Type 12 - Single circle with bridge only Type 13 - Single circle with bridge and upper and lower arch Type 14 - Single circle with bridge and upper arch only Type 15 - Single circle with bridge and lower arch only Type 16 - Single circle with bridge and upper and lower gridded arch Type 17 - Single circle with bridge and upper gridded arch Type 18 - Single circle with bridge and lower gridded arch Type 19 - Single circle with bridge over inner circle (London Underground) Type 19 - Single circle with bridge over inner circle (London Underground) with wavy lines either side (tarn-hand rollstempel - MFP81) - see 18/48 Type 19 - Single circle with bridge over inner circle (London Underground) with straight lines either side (tarn-machine rollstempel - MFP82) Type 20 - Single circle with bridge over upper inner circle only Type 21 - Single circle with bridge over lower inner circle only Type 22 - Single circle with bridge over gridded inner circle (London Underground) Type 23 - Single circle with bridge over gridded upper inner circle only Type 24 - Single circle with bridge over gridded lower inner circle only Single and Double Circle cancellations with complete central bar Single and Double Circle cancellations with complete central bar with lines (on ether side or both) Single and Double Circle cancellations with complete central bar with slogan Double Circle (Types 25-27) Type 25 - Double circle without bridge Type 25 - Machine double circle without bridge and straight lines either side - see 32/14 Type 26 - Double circle with central bridge within Type 26 - Machine double circle with central bridge and wavy lines either side - see 32/68 (MFP32/83) Type 27 - Double Circle with central bridge and gridded inner circle Double Circle cancellations with slogan Rectangle and Elliptical (Types 28-29) Type 28 - Rectangle Type 29 - Elliiptical Variations of types 01 - 29 RIGA - Feldpost cancellations PSST Kriegsmarine vessel cancellations Wehrmacht-Manöver of 1937 Austria Sudetenland Freudenthal (Bruntál) - 07.10.1938 Tschernoschin (Černošín) - 07.10.1938 Bohemia & Moravia See 18.03.1939 - 23/8 (early use 'FELDPOST' also in 'double circle') See 23.03.1939 - 29/20 ('d' - early use 'FELDPOST' also in 'double circle') See 21.03.1939 - 19/80 ('b' - early use 'FELDPOST' single circle) See 30.03.1939 - 29/23 ('b' - early use 'FELDPOST' single circle) Slovakia Übungspost 1939 (pre-war) Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

6th January 1940 Dresden: Gewerbehaus This philatelically prepared cover is associated with the Tag der Briefmarke (Stamp Day) celebrations held at Dresden's Gewerbehaus on 7th January 1940, commemorating the birthday of German postal reformer Heinrich von Stephan (7th January 1831). Contemporary Dresden newspaper reports confirm that the NSV Kreis 3 organised a stamp-exchange meeting in the Gewerbehaus that day and that the Deutsche Reichspost established a special post office (Sonderpostamt) there for the occasion. The envelope was prepared by W. Muschick of Nordstraße 14, Bautzen, and bears the typed inscription “Sonderpostamt am 7.1.1940 im Gewerbehaus.” Interestingly, the visible postal cancellations appear to be dated 6th January 1940, the day before the advertised special post office; the precise reason for this apparent one-day discrepancy remains to be established. - Ref: 06.01.1940 - 36/50 Gewerbehaus The Gewerbehaus at Ostra-Allee 13 was one of Dresden’s established cultural and public meeting venues, containing several meeting rooms and a large concert hall capable of accommodating around 2,000 people. Opened in 1870, it became particularly associated with the Gewerbehaus-Kapelle, the orchestra founded there in 1871 which eventually developed into the Dresden Philharmonic. The building was used not only for concerts but also for lectures, exhibitions, conferences and organised public gatherings, making it an appropriate venue for the Tag der Briefmarke celebrations and special post office ( Sonderpostamt ) held there on 7th January 1940. The Gewerbehaus subsequently suffered wartime damage and was destroyed during the bombing of Dresden in February 1945; it was never rebuilt. The cover therefore provides a postal connection with an important Dresden building that disappeared during the final months of the Second World War. Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

14th August 1941 MHB 47 Postcard depicting an aerial view of Oldenburg. Featuring stamp sequences from booklet sheet MHB 47 (Hindenburg 1939 booklet). Ref: 14.08.1941 - 36/21 Stamp sequences from booklet sheet MHB 47 S179 (12 Pf + 3 Pf) - see 06.01.1940 - 36/50 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

30th December 1940 Aryanisation: Schocken AG This group consists of sixteen financial credit/accounting slips dating from 30th December 1940 to 29th September 1941, preserved together within a wrapper bearing the name SCHOCKEN. The slips concern payments processed through the Postscheckamt Nürnberg and the Regierungshauptkasse Ansbach (Mittelfranken), whose Nürnberg postal-cheque account was No. 1696. The Schocken connection is historically significant because the famous department-store concern established by the Jewish entrepreneurs Simon and Salman Schocken, including its important Nürnberg branch, had been subjected to Nazi “Aryanisation”; the Schocken family lost control of the business in 1938 and Schocken AG was renamed Merkur AG in 1939. The continued presence of the SCHOCKEN name on material containing records from 1940–41 is therefore noteworthy, although it has not yet been established whether the receipts themselves originated with the former Schocken/Merkur business. Particularly interesting is a 12 Pf Hitler-head postage stamp apparently used not as postage but as an improvised security seal across the wrapper, subsequently crossed through by hand. As the Hitler definitive series was introduced in August 1941, its presence is compatible with the final date of the group, 29th September 1941, and suggests that the sixteen documents were deliberately assembled and secured together at or after that time. There is presently no evidence that the crossing-out of Hitler's portrait carried any political meaning; its most likely purpose was practical, invalidating the stamp for postal use and helping to indicate whether the wrapper had subsequently been disturbed. Ref: 30.12.1940 - 37/1 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

30th December 1940 MHB 68 Cover sent from Werl (note the senders address to the reverse states 'Horst-Wessel-Str.'), to an address in Geseke. Featuring stamp sequence S266 from MHB 68. Ref: 30.12.1940 Stamp sequences from booklet sheet MHB 68 S266 (Mi.756+Mi.751) from MHB 68. Ref: 30.12.1940 S268 (Mi.751+Mi.756) from MHB 68. Ref: 16.04.1941 W148 (A11.3+Mi.751). A11.3 - 'Werde Mitglied der NS. Volkswohlfahrt!' (Become a member of the NS. Charity!). Ref: 12.01.1941 - 32/20 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

7th March 1939 MHB 44 7th March 1939 MHB44 Cover sent from Bad Kreuznach to Geneva featuring a block of three KZ27.1 - 14mm between brown bars of dashes (Mi.513 + Z + Z + Mi.516) from stamp booklet sheet MHB 44. Note that the cover has been re-addressed as 'Poste restante' (the mail was to be collected from the post office rather than delivered). The post office in question being on the Plainpalais in Geneva. It was at this location on the 9th November 1932 that anti-fascist demonstrators were shot on and killed by elements of the Swiss Army (see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1932_Geneva_shooting). Ref: 07.03.1939 Stamps sequences from booklet sheet MHB 44 KZ27.1 - 14mmm between brown dashes (Mi.513 + Z + Z + Mi.516) from MHB 44. Ref: 26.11.1937 S152 (Mi.513+Mi.516+Mi.513). Ref: 08.11.1938 - 16/10 S153 (Mi.516+Mi.513) from MHB 44. Ref: 06.01.1940 - 36/50 S154 (Mi.516+Mi.513+Mi.516) from MHB 44. Ref: 08.01.1938 - 17/7 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page