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GOTTBEGNADETEN LIST 'God-Gifted' artists GOTTBEGNADETEN LIST 'God-Gifted' artists 1/1 Gottbegnadeten List The Gottbegnadeten list was a list of German artists compiled in August 1944 in the final phase of the Second World War by the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda under Joseph Goebbels who were considered important to the National Socialist regime and were therefore placed under special protection by it. The name is based on the file title of the list and was therefore the official term used by the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. The document compiled in the Reich Ministry was divided into four sections (I–IV) designated with Roman numerals , which in turn were divided into subsections designated with letters: Section I was the actual God-given list , consisting of subsection A. Special list and subsection B. All others Section II of the document listed other UK-provided individual artists and consisted of three subsections A. Film list , B. Radio list and C. Composers for film and radio and accompanists for radio and concert. LINK HERE. Section III contained orchestras and bands (concert, film and radio) Section IV contained artists in military service with occasional employment in radio and concert The 39-page document lists the names of 1,041 artists. Section I is called the Gottbegnadeten-Liste and consists of 378 people, of whom 25 names are listed in subsection A. Special list and 353 names in subsection B. All others . The 25 names in subsection A. Special list are divided into the areas of literature , fine arts , musicians and theater . These people were considered 'irreplaceable artists' of National Socialist Germany and, from the perspective of those in power at the time, represented an 'outstanding national capital'. Already at the beginning of the National Socialist era, there were lists of banned or desirable artists - mainly writers, sculptors, architects, painters, singers, musicians and actors. Shortly before the start of the Second World War in September 1939, the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda had drawn up a list of 'cultural workers' who were indispensable to the Nazi state, so that they could be exempted from military service in the event of war. All others were to be drafted into military service at the start of the Second World War or employed in the armaments industry on the home front. In October 1939, Hitler ordered that certain artists be exempted from military service as indispensable , as they were to devote themselves primarily to Nazi propaganda, by means of a so-called 'Führer list'. This exemption was only valid until revoked and was therefore reviewed from time to time. In addition to visual artists, musicians and some actors, the 'Führer list' contained 15 writers, 16 composers and 15 conductors. In 1941, Ernst Lothar von Knorr, in his role as music officer of the Army High Command, together with the general and later resistance fighter Eduard Wagner, drew up another list, which was signed by Hitler and meant an exemption for 360 musicians. Knorr also tried to employ other musicians as teachers at the army music schools, which exempted them from active combat duty. Also in 1941 , Hans Severus Ziegler also drew up his own list for the 'highly gifted young talent'. As a result of the total war announced in 1943 in the final phase of the Second World War, the total war commitment of cultural workers was ordered on 1st September 1944 and the theatres were closed. However, a minority of 1,041 people among the approximately 140,000 members of the Reich Chamber of Culture were to be exempted from this due to their special importance for the National Socialist regime and were recorded in separate lists by the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. The basis for the lists drawn up in Goebbels' ministry in 1944 was apparently the 'Führer list' drawn up in 1939 of writers, composers, musicians, visual artists and actors who were indispensable in Hitler's eyes. The people selected in this way were also considered to be conscripted for war service, but were not to serve in the armed forces, but were only to be called up for events in the sense of cultural propaganda or to look after the troops. When compiling the list of people named in Section II, Goebbels primarily named actors that he needed for his propaganda films. These were a total of 280 actors, 227 actresses, 78 film writers, 18 film writers and 35 film directors. Apart from the 25 people highlighted on the special list, the nominees, according to Oliver Rathkolb, were in the 'artistic war effort'. The cultural workers who were exempted from wartime deployment received a letter stating that 'the Reich Minister, in his capacity as President of the Reich Chamber of Culture, has exempted you from military and labor deployment on the basis of your artistic achievements. [...] This exemption, which was granted in recognition of your special artistic abilities, was granted on the obvious condition that you make yourself available unconditionally for comprehensive artistic support. [...] I ask that you understand this letter as your obligation to serve in the wartime artist deployment agency that I head, in the spirit of the measures of total wartime deployment.' This cover letter was considered an official notification that had to be submitted to the 'competent employment office'. When the defeat of the German Reich was foreseeable, even the last reserves were to be mobilised. A letter from the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda dated 30th November 1944 states that the artists exempted from military service and even the 'irreplaceable artists' named on the special list, such as Wilhelm Furtwängler, were to be called up for the Volkssturm. Source: Wikipedia Section I of the document on artists who were particularly important to the National Socialist regime and were therefore exempted from military service is called the Gottbegnadeten list and is divided into the subsections A. Special list with 25 names an d B. All others with 353 names. The list is preceded by a table of contents. A. SPECIAL LIST Literature: Hans Carossa (1878–1956), poet and narrator Gerhart Hauptmann (1862–1946), Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1912 Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer (1878–1962), novelist, playwright and poet Hanns Johst (1890–1978), playwright, Reich Senator for Culture Agnes Miegel (1879–1964), writer, journalist and ballad poet Ina Seidel (1885–1974), novelist and poet [ 18 ] Fine arts: Arno Breker (1900–1991), sculptor and architect, Reich Senator for Culture Georg Kolbe (1877–1947), sculptor Josef Thorak (1889–1952), state sculptor [ 19 ] Fritz Klimsch (1870–1960), sculptor Hermann Gradl (1883–1964), landscape painter and illustrator Arthur Kampf (1864–1950), history painter Willy Kriegel (1901–1966), painter Werner Peiner (1897–1984), painter and from 1938 director of the Hermann Göring Master School for Painting [ 20 ] Leonhard Gall (1884–1952), architect, Reich Senator for Culture Hermann Giesler (1898–1987), architect, Reich Senator for Culture – brother of Paul Giesler Wilhelm Kreis (1873–1955), architect and last president of the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts Paul Schultze-Naumburg (1869–1949), painter, architect and from 1932 member of the Reichstag for the NSDAP [ 21 ] Music: Richard Strauss (1864–1949), composer Hans Pfitzner (1869–1949), composer, Reich Senator for Culture Wilhelm Furtwängler (1886–1954), conductor and composer, [ 22 ] Reich Senator for Culture four theatre artists can be found as a subsequent – very difficult to read – handwritten entry at the end of this page: [ 23 ] Otto Falckenberg (1873–1947), director of the Munich Kammerspiele Friedrich Kayßler (1874–1945), actor, writer and composer Hermine Körner (1878–1960), [ 24 ] actress, director and artistic director Hedwig Bleibtreu (1868–1958), [ 23 ] theater and film actress B. ALL OTHERS a) Literature: Hans Friedrich Blunck (1888–1961), writer, lawyer and first president of the Reich Chamber of Literature Bruno Brehm (1892–1974), writer and editor [ 25 ] Hermann Burte (1879–1960), writer and painter Friedrich Griese (1890–1975), teacher and writer Gustav Frenssen (1863–1945), pastor and writer Hans Grimm (1875–1959), writer ( People without Space ) and publicist Max Halbe (1865–1944), writer Hanns Johst – here handwritten crossed out and included in the special list Heinrich Lilienfein (1879–1952), writer and Secretary General of the German Schiller Foundation Börries Freiherr von Münchhausen (1874–1945), writer Wilhelm Schäfer (1868–1952), writer Wilhelm von Scholz (1874–1969), writer Emil Strauss (1866–1960), writer Lulu von Strauss und Torney (1873–1956), writer and poet Helene Voigt-Diederichs (1875–1961), writer Josef Weinheber (1892–1945), poet Heinrich Zillich (1898–1988), writer and expellee official b) Fine Arts: Sculptors : Karl Albiker (1878–1961), sculptor Fritz Behn (1878–1970), sculptor Hans Bitterlich (1860–1949), sculptor Bernhard Bleeker (1881–1968), sculptor Gustav Bredow (1875–1950), sculptor Hans Breker (1906–1993), sculptor Ludwig Cauer (1866–1947), sculptor Michael Drobil (1877–1958), sculptor Kurt Edzard (1890–1972), sculptor Joseph Enseling (1886–1957), sculptor Max Esser (1885–1945), sculptor and medalist Wilhelm Frass (1886–1968), sculptor and medalist Hermann Geibel (1889–1972), sculptor Wilhelm Gerstel (1879–1963), sculptor and medalist Fritz von Graevenitz – written on the list as Fritz v. Grävenitz (1892–1959), sculptor and painter Hermann Hahn (1868–1945), sculptor and medalist Philipp Harth (1885–1968), sculptor Arthur Hoffmann (1874–1960), sculptor [ 26 ] Oswald Hoffmann – meaning Oswald Hofmann (1890–1982), sculptor [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Ludwig Kasper (1893–1945), sculptor Fritz Klimsch – here crossed out by hand and included in the special list Richard Knecht (1887–1966), sculptor and painter Willy Meller (1887–1974), sculptor Josef Müllner (1879–1968), sculptor and medalist Michael Powolny (1871–1954), sculptor and ceramic designer Ernst Andreas Rauch (1901–1990), sculptor [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Richard Scheibe (1879–1964), sculptor Hermann Scheuernstuhl (1894–1982), sculptor Otto Schließler (1885–1964), sculptor Robert Ullmann (1903–1966), sculptor and medalist Joseph Wackerle (1880–1959), sculptor Arnold Waldschmidt (1873–1958), sculptor, painter and director of the Stuttgart Art Academy Adolf Wamper (1901–1977), sculptor and from 1948 head of the sculpture class at the Folkwang School Arthur Winde – Theodor Artur Winde (1886–1965), sculptor Ulfert Janssen (1878–1956), sculptor and architect – subsequently added to the list with a typewriter b) Fine Arts: Painters : Ferdinand Andri (1871–1956), painter and graphic artist Ludwig Bartning (1876–1956), landscape painter Fritz Bayerlein (1872–1955), landscape painter Claus Bergen (1885–1964), marine painter Eduard Bischoff (1890–1974), painter and sculptor Max Clarenbach (1880–1952), painter Alfred Cossmann – written on the list as Cohsmann (1870–1951), engraver and graphic artist Wilhelm Dachauer (1881–1951), painter Ludwig Dettmann (1865–1944), war painter Carl Ederer (1875–1951), painter, graphic artist and mosaicist Georg Ehmig (1892–1969), landscape painter [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Rudolf Eisenmenger (1902–1994), painter Otto Engel – Otto Heinrich Engel (1866–1949), painter [ 33 ] Otto Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser – written on the list as Engelhardt-Kyfhäuser (1884–1965), painter and art teacher Erich Erler (1870–1946), painter [ 34 ] Max Feldbauer (1869–1948), painter Georg Fritz (1884–1967), painter and graphic artist Franz Gerwin (1891–1960), painter, headed the Haus der Kunst in Dortmund from 1936 Oskar Graf (1873–1958), painter and etcher Olaf Gulbransson (1873–1958), painter and illustrator for the satirical magazine Simplicissimus, among others Oskar Hagemann (1888–1984), mainly portrait painter Hans Happ (1899–1992), painter [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Willy ter Hell (1883–1947), landscape painter and graphic artist Paul Herrmann (1864–1946), painter and etcher Richard Heymann (1900–1973), painter [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Walter Hemming (1894–1979), painter Sepp Hilz (1906–1967), painter with a focus on rural and peasant motifs, one of Adolf Hitler's favorite painters Walther Hoeck – written on the list as Walter Hoeck (1894–1979), painter and sculptor Ludwig von Hoffmann (1861–1945), painter and graphic artist Conrad Hommel (1883–1971), painter – mainly of portraits Paul Junghanns (1876–1958), animal painter Heinrich Hönich – written on the list as Heinrich Hönig (1873–1957), painter and etcher Artur Kampf – (Arthur Kampf is meant, still on this list, but is found on the special list as one of four painters) Hermann Kaspar (1904–1986), painter, designer of the parades for the Day of German Art and the furnishings of the New Reich Chancellery Gottlieb Theodor von Kempf-Hartenkampf (1871–1964), painter [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Alfred Kitzig (1902–1964), painter and graphic artist Richard Klein (1890–1967), painter, sculptor, graphic artist and medalist Walter Klinkert (1901–1959), painter [ 41 ] Friedrich Koch-Gotha (1877–1956), painter, draftsman and caricaturist Otto von Kursell (1884–1967), painter, member of the Reichstag , director of the State Academy of Fine Arts in Berlin Ernst Liebermann (1869–1960), painter and graphic artist Helmut Liesegang (1858–1945), landscape painter Rudolf Löhner (1890–1971), sculptor (!) Fritz Mackensen (1866–1953), Worpswede painter Karl Mediz – written on the list as Karl Meditz (1868–1945), landscape and portrait painter Richard Müller (1874–1954), painter and graphic artist Christian Modersohn (1916–2009), painter Otto Müller-Wischin – Anton Müller-Wischin (1865–1949), painter Paul Mathias Padua – written on the list as Paul Padua (1903–1981), painter (known for his Nazi propaganda art) Walter Petersen (1862–1950), portrait and history painter Fritz Pfuhle (1878–1969), painter and lithographer Paul Plontke (1884–1966), church painter and poster artist Ernst Pfannschmidt (1868–1949), church and history painter Peter Philippi (1866–1945), genre painter and portraitist Erwin Puchinger (1875–1944), painter and graphic artist Fritz Rhein (1873–1948), painter Leo Samberger (1861–1949), portrait painter Wilhelm Sauter (1896–1948), painter and draftsman Hans Schmitz-Wiedenbrück – written on the list as Hans Schmitz (1907–1944), painter (known for his Nazi propaganda art) Rudolf Schramm-Zittau (1874–1950), painter Richard Schreiber (1904–1963), painter and graphic artist Raffael Schuster-Woldan (1870–1951), painter Ferdinand Spiegel (1879–1950), painter and graphic artist Franz Stassen (1869–1949), painter and illustrator Edmund Steppes (1873–1968), landscape painter Karl Storch (1864–1954), painter Eduard Thöny (1866–1950), draftsman and caricaturist Hermann Tiebert (1895–1978), painter Franz Triebsch (1870–1956), landscape and portrait painter Hans Uhl (1897–after 1954), painter [ 42 ] Ernst Vollbehr (1876–1960), travel writer and painter Bernhard Winter (1871–1964), painter and photographer Adolf Wissel (1894–1973), genre painter b) Fine Arts: Architects : Paul Baumgarten (1873–1946), architect of theater buildings Oswald Bieber (1874–1955), architect and university professor Friedrich Blume (1896–1970), residential architect [ 43 ] Fritz Breuhaus (1883–1960), interior designer Woldemar Brinkmann (1890–1959), interior designer and ship fitter Hanns Dustmann (1902–1979), architect and Reich Architect of the Hitler Youth Emil Fahrenkamp (1885–1966), architect and from 1937 director of the Düsseldorf Art Academy Roderich Fick (1886–1955), architect of the most important buildings on the Obersalzberg Karl J. Fischer (no further information) Hans Freese (1889–1953), architect Kurt Frick (1884–1963), architect Konstanty Gutschow (1902–1978), architect Ernst Haiger (1874–1952), architect and interior designer Wilhelm Härter (1880–1963), architect Helmut Hentrich (1905–2001), architect Handwritten name entry (illegible) Hans Heuser (1904–1953), architect Eugen Hönig (1873–1945), architect and President of the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts Hermann Hansen (no further information) Wilhelm Jost (1874–1944), architect and city architect in Halle from 1912 to 1939 Clemens Klotz (1886–1969), architect of training buildings for the NSDAP and the DAF Walter Krüger (1888–1971), architect Johannes Krüger (1890–1975), architect (including the Tannenberg Memorial ) Karl Lieser (1901–1990), architect (including Henninger Tower in Frankfurt ) Kurt Mänicke (1896–1990), architect Adolf Münzer (1900–1953), painter and graphic artist – probably mistakenly listed with the architects Ernst Neufert (1900–1986), architect Fritz Norkauer (1887–1976), architect Gerhard Offenberg (1897–1987), architect and from 1948 Ministerialdirigent in Rhineland-Palatinate . Bruno Paul (1874–1968), architect and designer Caesar F. Pinnau (1906–1988), architect Erich zu Putlitz (1892–1945), architect and urban planner Otto Reitter (1896–1958), architect Herbert Rimpl (1902–1978), industrial architect Heinrich Rosskotten (1886–1972), architect Werry Roth (1885–1958), architect (specialized in theater buildings including the Anhalt Theater ) [ 44 ] Franz Ruff (1906–1979), architect (including the Nuremberg Congress Hall on the Nazi Party Rally Grounds ) Erhard Schmidt (no further information) Paul Schmitthenner (1884–1972), architect Julius Schulte-Frohlinde (1894–1968), architect Alwin Seifert (1890–1972), garden architect, landscape designer and Reich Landscape Attorney Hermann Seeger (*1885 – no further information) [ 45 ] Otto Strohmayr (1900–1945), architect Friedrich Tamms – entered in the list without a first name (1904–1980), architect, later university lecturer and head of the building department Heinrich Tessenow (1876–1950), architect Siegfried Theiss (1882–1963), architect Wilhelm-Karl Tiedje (1898–1987), architect Theodor Veil (1879–1965), architect, university professor and Reich Commissioner for Building Standardization Karl Wach (1878–1952), architect Heinz Wetzel (1882–1945), architect and urban planner Heinrich Wieping (1891–1973), landscape architect b) Fine Arts: Commercial artists and designers : Wanda Bibrowicz (1878–1954), painter, tapestry artist and art educator Otto Dorfner (1885–1955), bookbinder and art binding designer Arno Drescher (1882–1971), painter and typographer Ludwig Enders (1889–1956), graphic artist and industrial designer Hermann Gretsch (1895–1950), ceramicist, artistic director of the Arzberg porcelain factory OHW Hadank (1889–1965), graphic artist Paul Hampel (1874–1955), graphic artist [ 46 ] Ludwig Hohlwein (1874–1949), poster designer, graphic artist and painter Margarete Klimt (1892–1987), fashion designer Max Körner (1887–1963), graphic artist and book artist Kwitschala (no further information) Max Lohse (no further information) Alfred Mahlau (1894–1967), painter and illustrator Gerhard Marggraff (1892–1956?), advertising graphic designer Alen Müller-Hellwig (1901–1993), artistic weaver Walter Riemer (1896–1942), graphic artist [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Edmund Schaefer (1880–1959), graphic artist and painter Friedrich Hermann Ernst Schneidler (1882–1956), typographer and calligrapher Anna Simons (1871–1951), typographer and calligrapher Lorenz Spitzenpfeil (1874–1945), graphic artist Walter Tiemann (1876–1951), book artist and illustrator Max Thalmann (1890–1944), graphic artist and illustrator Hans Wagula (1894–1964), graphic artist [ 50 ] c) Music: Composers: Theodor Berger (1905–1992) – handwritten on the list, crossed out again (difficult to read) Johann Nepomuk David (1895–1977) Werner Egk (1901–1983) Gerhard Frommel (1906–1984) Harald Genzmer (1909–2007) Ottmar Gerster (1897–1969) [ 51 ] Kurt Hessenberg (1908–1994) Paul Höffer (1895–1949) Karl Höller (1907–1987) Mark Lothar (1902–1985) Josef Marx (1882–1964) Gottfried Müller (1914–1993) Carl Orff (1895–1982) [ 52 ] Ernst Pepping (1901–1981) [ 53 ] Max Trapp (1887–1971) Fried Walter (1907–1996) Hermann Zilcher (1881–1948) c) Music: Conductors: Hermann Abendroth (1883–1956) Karl Böhm (1894–1981) Karl Elmendorff (1891–1962) Robert Heger (1886–1978) Eugen Jochum (1902–1987) Oswald Kabasta (1896–1946) Herbert von Karajan (1908–1989) Hans Knappertsbusch (1888–1965) Joseph Keilberth (1908–1968) Rudolf Krasselt (1879–1954) Clemens Krauss (1893–1954) Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt (1900–1973) [ 54 ] Paul Schmitz (1898–1992) Johannes Schüler (1894–1966) Carl Schuricht (1880–1967) c) Music: Pianists : Hans Beltz (1897–1977), pianist and music educator [ 55 ] Hermann Drews (* 1899 – no further information) Eduard Erdmann (1896–1958), pianist and composer Walter Gieseking (1895–1956), pianist and entomologist Elly Ney (1882–1968), pianist Sigfrid Grundeis – written on the list as Siegfried (1900–1953), pianist and piano teacher Wilhelm Kempff (1895–1991), pianist, organist and composer Else C. Kraus (1899–1978), pianist Conrad Hansen (1906–2002), pianist and piano teacher Gerhard Puchelt (1913–1987), pianist Frieda Kwast-Hodapp – written on the list as Quast-Hodapp and corrected by hand (1880–1949), pianist and student of Max Reger Michael Raucheisen (1889–1984), pianist Rosl Schmid – written on the list as Schmidt (1911–1978), pianist and professor at the Munich University of Music Li Stadelmann (1900–1993), pianist, harpsichordist and music teacher Winfried Wolf (1900–1982), pianist, composer and music educator Friedrich Wührer (1900–1975), pianist and piano teacher Walter Morse Rummel (1887–1953), pianist [ 56 ] – subsequently added to the list in handwriting c) Music: Violinist : Siegfried Borries (1912–1980), violinist and violin teacher Georg Kulenkampff (1898–1948), one of the most famous violin virtuosos of the 1930s and 40s Erich Röhn (1910–1985), violinist and concertmaster Wolfgang Schneiderhan (1915–2002), violin virtuoso and concertmaster Otto Schörnack (no further information) – perhaps the violinist Otto Schernack is meant. There are many spelling mistakes on the list Wilhelm Stross (1907–1966), violinist and conductor Max Strub (1900-1966), violin virtuoso and teacher, incorrectly spelled as Strubb on the list Gerhard Taschner (1922–1976), violin virtuoso, initially appointed to the British Royal Family at Hitler's request on 24 October 1942 [ 57 ] Helmuth Zernick (1913–1970), violinist – subsequently added to the list in handwriting c) Music: Cellists : Paul Grümmer (1879–1965), cellist Ludwig Hoelscher (1907–1996), cellist and professor at the Mozarteum in Salzburg Hans Münch-Holland (1899–1971), cellist Adolf Steiner (1897–1974), cellist c) Music: Organists : Fritz Heitmann (1891–1953), organist and Bach interpreter Günther Ramin (1898–1956), organist, Thomaskantor , choir director and composer c) Music: Quartets (there are illegible handwritten notes on the right side of the list): Schneiderhan Quartet (The following musicians belonged to the quartet: Wolfgang Schneiderhan, Otto Strasser , Ernst Morawec [ 58 ] [ 59 ] and Richard Krotschak [ 60 ] ) Stross Quartet Strub Quartet c) Music: Concert singers : Lore Fischer (1911–1991), alto , violinist and music teacher Gerhard Hüsch (1901–1984), baritone Gerda Lammers (1915–1993), soprano [ 61 ] Emmi Leisner – written on the list as Emmy Leissner (1885–1958), contralto Gertrude Pitzinger – written on the list as Gertrude Pfitzinger and corrected by hand (1904–1997), alto Arno Schellenberg (1903–1983), baritone and singing teacher Wilhelm Strienz (1900–1987), bass Rudolf Watzke (1892–1972), bass Henny Wolff (1896–1965), soprano and singing teacher d) Theater (the locations mentioned can be found in the original list): Rosa Albach-Retty – Vienna (1874–1980), actress and paternal grandmother of Romy Schneider Herbert Alsen – Vienna (1906–1978), opera singer (bass) Peter Anders – Berlin (1908–1954), opera singer (tenor) Raoul Aslan – Vienna (1886–1958), actor and theatre director – in the original in brackets, the name underlined with dots and subsequently crossed out by hand Mathieu Ahlersmeyer – Dresden-Vienna (1896–1979), actor and opera singer (baritone) Ewald Balser – Berlin-Vienna (1898–1978), actor Irma Beilke – Berlin (1904–1989), opera singer (soprano) Erna Berger – Berlin (1900–1990), opera singer (soprano) Hedwig Bleibtreu – Vienna (1868–1958), actress – in the original subsequently crossed out by hand with an illegible note to the right of the name Paula Buchner – Berlin (1900–1963), opera singer (soprano) Rudolf Bockelmann – Berlin (1892–1958), opera singer (baritone) and singing teacher Helena Braun – Munich (1903–1990), opera singer (soprano) [ 62 ] Lina Carstens – Berlin (1892–1978), actress and voice actress Maria Cebotari – Berlin (1910–1949), opera singer (soprano) Anna Dammann – Berlin (1912–1993), actress Stella David – Dresden (actress verifiable in two film roles in 1921 and 1938, [ 63 ] otherwise no further information. In the original list in brackets and subsequently crossed out by hand with an illegible note in the left margin, possibly significant in the film list . However, she is not listed there.) Paula Denk – Munich (1908–1978), actress, was appointed state actress in 1942 (in the original in brackets and subsequently crossed out by hand with an illegible note on the left margin, possibly relevant to the film list . However, she is not listed there.) Anton Dermota – Vienna (1910–1989), opera singer ( lyric tenor ) Antonia Dietrich – Dresden (1900–1975), actress Willi Domgraf-Fassbaender – Berlin (1897–1978), opera singer (baritone) Käthe Dorsch – Vienna (1890–1957), actress Clara Ebers – Frankfurt (1902–1997), opera singer (soprano) Lieselotte Enck – Berlin (1918–2007), opera singer (soprano) – there is the typewritten addition in brackets: Wish of the Reichsmarschall (meaning: Hermann Göring ) [ 64 ] Trude Eipperle – Munich (1908–1997), opera singer (soprano) Maria Eis – Vienna (1896–1954), actress Jürgen Fehling (1885–1968), director and actor – added to the original list by hand Otto Falckenberg – Munich – here handwritten crossed out and included in the special list Eugen Fuchs – Berlin (1893–1971), opera singer ( bass-baritone ) [ 65 ] – handwritten addition to the list Marta Fuchs – Berlin-Dresden (1898–1974), opera singer (soprano) Heinrich George – Berlin (1893–1946), theater and film actor Josef Greindl – Berlin (1912–1993), opera singer, bass – written on the list as Graindl Gustaf Gründgens – Berlin (1899–1963), actor, director and artistic director – handwritten addition to the list Paul Hartmann – Berlin (1889–1977), actor Theo Herrmann – Hamburg (1902–1977), opera singer (bass) [ 66 ] Josef Herrmann – Dresden (1903–1955), opera singer ( heroic baritone ) Werner Hinz – Berlin (1903–1985), actor Elisabeth Höngen – Dresden-Vienna (1906–1997), opera singer ( mezzo-soprano ) Lore Hoffmann – Berlin (1911–1996), opera singer (soprano) Paul Hoffmann – Dresden (1902–1990), actor Hans Hotter – Munich-Vienna (1909–2003), opera and song singer Friedrich Kayssler – Berlin – here crossed out by hand and included in the special list , illegible handwritten notes to the right of the name Eduard Kandl – Berlin (1876–1966), opera singer (bass) and actor Eugen Klöpfer – Berlin (1886–1950), actor and from 1934 state actor Margarete Klose – Berlin (1899–1968), opera singer (alto) Hermine Körner – Berlin (1878–1960), not deleted here, can also be found on the special list Hans Grahl – no location specified (1895–1966) – in brackets the addition Gastverträge , then handwritten crossing out and a question mark to the left of the name Werner Krauß – Berlin (1884–1959), actor and from 1934 state actor Fritz Krenn – Vienna (1887–1963), opera singer (bass-baritone) Hilde Konetzni – Vienna (1905–1980), opera singer (soprano) Anne Kersten – Munich (1895–1982), actress Hannsgeorg Laubenthal – Berlin (1911–1971), actor – written on the list as Hanns-Georg Tiana Lemnitz – Berlin (1897–1994), opera singer (soprano) and singing teacher Max Lorenz – Berlin (1901–1975), opera singer (tenor) Walther Ludwig – Berlin (1902–1981), opera singer (tenor) and physician Maria Müller – Berlin (1898–1958), opera singer (soprano) Hans Hermann Nissen – Munich (1893–1980), opera singer (baritone) Julius Patzak – Munich (1898–1974), opera singer (tenor) Julius Pölzer – Munich (1901–1972), dentist and opera singer (tenor) [ 67 ] Erich Ponto – Dresden (1884–1957), actor and director Jaro Prohaska – Berlin (1891–1965), opera singer (baritone) and singing teacher [ 68 ] Hildegard Ranczak – Munich (1895–1987), opera singer (soprano) [ 69 ] [ 70 ] – handwritten entry in the original list Maria Reining – Vienna (1903–1991), opera singer (soprano) Hans Reinmar – Berlin (1895–1961), opera singer (baritone) Martha Rohs – Vienna (1909–1963), opera singer (alto) Helge Rosvaenge – Berlin (1897–1972), opera singer (tenor) Traute Rose – Vienna (1904–1997), actress and voice actress Joachim Sattler – Hamburg (1899–1984), opera singer (tenor) Paul Schöffler – Vienna (1897–1977), opera singer (bass-baritone) Heinrich Schlusnus – Berlin (1888–1952), opera and song singer (baritone) Wilhelm Schirp – Berlin (1906–1974), opera singer (bass-baritone) [ 71 ] Karl Schmitt-Walter – Berlin (1900–1985), opera singer (baritone) Erna Schlüter – Hamburg (1904–1969), opera singer (soprano) Liselotte Schreiner – Berlin-Vienna (1904–1991), actress Carla Spletter – Berlin (1911–1953), opera singer (soprano) and actress – there is the typewritten addition in brackets: Wish of the Reichsmarschall Karl-Heinz Stroux (1908–1985), actor and director – handwritten in the original list (without the usual location information) Ludwig Suthaus – Berlin (1906–1971), opera singer (heroic tenor) – there is a handwritten question mark to the left of the name Horst Taubmann – Munich (1912–1991), opera singer (tenor) [ 72 ] – there is the typewritten addition in brackets: Wish of Reichsl. Bormann (meaning: Reichsleiter Martin Bormann ) Margarete Teschemacher – Hamburg (1903–1959), opera singer (soprano) Hermann Thimig – Vienna (1890–1982), actor and director Hans Thimig – Vienna (1900–1991), actor and director – the name was handwritten in brackets and crossed out several times Viorica Ursuleac – Munich (1894–1985), opera singer (dramatic soprano) Ludwig Weber – Munich (1899–1974), opera singer (bass) Franz Völker – Berlin (1899–1965), opera singer (tenor) Gertrud Rünger – Vienna (1893–1965), opera singer (alto, soprano) – incorrectly classified alphabetically on the original list Gustav Waldau – Munich (1871–1958), actor Paul Wegener – Berlin (1874–1948), actor, director ( The Golem, How He Came into the World , 1920) and producer Erich Witte – Berlin (1911–2008), opera singer (tenor) and opera director Marcel Wittrisch – Berlin (1903–1955), opera singer (tenor) Paula Wessely – Berlin (1907–2000), actress Erich Zimmermann – Berlin (1892–1968), [ 73 ] trained porcelain painter and opera singer (tenor) There is an illegible handwritten name entry at the end of the list, which has also been crossed out. 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9th December 1943 Stalag II-A 9th December 1943 Stalag II-A 09.12.1943 Stalag IIA Neubrandenburg reverse.jpeg 09.12.1943 Stalag IIA Neubrandenburg reverse.jpeg 1/1 Italian POW letter-sheet from Stalag II-A at Neubrandenburg to an address in Italy. At this time the camp housed nearly 5,000 Italian POW's. Ref: 09.12.1943 Stalag II-A Stalag II-A operated in Neubrandenburg (WK II) starting in September 1939. In February 1945 the camp was still operating. Contact Brief History to inform us of additonal information regarding this page

23rd November 1942 Barlog 8711 1/1 Barlog cartoon postcard depicting two foxes greeting each other under the moonlight. Bestell-Nr.8711 (italic numerals). Ref: 23.11.1942 The caption reads: Translation required Landesschützen-Bataillon 704 Field post numbers: none determined The State Rifle Battalion IV/XI was set up during mobilisation on 26th August 1939 in Magdeburg, in Military District XI. The battalion was formed into 4 companies. After formation, the battalion continued to be deployed in Magdeburg, in Military District XI. From October 1939, the battalion was subordinate to Division zbV 411. On 1st April 1940, the battalion was renamed State Rifle Battalion 704. The battalion continued to be subordinate to Division zbV 411 and was stationed in Magdeburg. On 10th August 1942, the battalion received a 5th company from the 2nd company of State Rifle Battalion 716. On February 8, 1944, this 5th company was transferred to State Rifle Battalion 708 as the 6th company. The battalion now received a new 5th and 6th company from the 1st and 3rd company of the Landesschützen Battalion 721. The 11th State Rifle Replacement Battalion was responsible for replacing the battalion . Source: lexikon--der--wehrmacht-de Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

20th September 1945 20th September 1945 'Wehrmacht' postcard sent by an Feldunterarzt POW at Lütelsburg to family in Schwanenstadt, Austria. 1/1 The message reads, 'I have been in captivity in England since the beginning of May. I received my last message from you on 11 January. I hope you have returned to Schwanenstadt in good health. A release is not yet possible, but I think I will be able to be with you before the end of the year. Stay healthy and please give my warmest regards to the Scheichl family. From your Edi' An unusual card in many ways. 'Feldpostkarte' partially drawn through to be replaced by 'Wehrmacht'. In reality, by September 1945 there was no 'Wehrmacht' only POW's from the Wehrmacht. No stamp or cancel. Even official feldpost should have been cancelled. By September 1945 feldpost would have been obsolete. However, POW mail may have come under a different postal class. Needs further research. The use of the military title of 'Feldunterartz' would no longer have any meaning as come release the POW would have gone back to civilian life. Note: the title 'Feldunterartz' denotes an officer aspirant in the military health serice.

VDA Association for Germans Abroad VDA Association for Germans Abroad Screenshot 2021-11-27 at 09.29.50.png Screenshot 2021-11-27 at 09.29.50.png 1/1 VDA Volksbund für das Deutschtum im Ausland (Association for Germans Abroad) Artists' Postcards Hertell, Hanna Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Mi.748-749 (25.07.1940) Eupen, Malmedy & Moresnet 1/1 Official postcard of the Reichskolonialbund, Berlin, depicting the shore-line at Dar es Salaam. Featuring postage stamp Mi.749 (12 Pf - Eupen) tied with special cancellation JB:Aussig2/52. Ref: 06.10.1940 Mi.748 - 749 Reintegration of Eupen, Malmedy and Moresnet. Notes: Engraving: Ernst Vogenauer . Photogravure printing. Sheets 5 x 10. Swastika watermark. Perf. 14. Quantity issued: unknown. Valid until 31.12.1941. Inscription on these stamps reads, 'Eupen-Malmedy again German'. Ernst Vogenauer Ernst Rudolf Vogenauer (1897 - 1972) was a German graphic artist. After World War I, he worked as a poster designer and a book illustrator. He also designed banknotes, postage stamps, wooden toys, and ceramics. Ernst Vogenauer studied in Munich during his early childhood and was a bright student of Fritz Helmut Ehmcke (1878–1965). At the same time, he worked for the Consee's art printing office in Munich. In 1921, he left Munich for a job at the National Printing Office in Berlin where he worked until World War II. He married his wife, Minna, in 1925, who a few years later had their first and only son. It was also at that time in the 1920s that he illustrated an edition of the Bavarian novel Der Wittiber (The Widower) by the German writer Ludwig Thoma (1867–1921). He was gifted in various artistic crafts. In spite of his respect for the Old Masters, he had an open mind about art and was attracted by futurism, cubism, and expressionism with regard to his official work for the National Printing Office of Berlin, and to avoid trouble, he often preferred to mark some of his private artistic works with the special signature 'Saturn'. His artistic friends were mainly Binder, Peter Kraemer (1896–1972), son of an American Bavarian painter also named Peter Kraemer and Carl Johann Rabus (1898–1983), a German expressionist painter. Carl Rabus made a self-portrait with Vogenauer (circa 1927 to 1937) titled: 'Zwei Freunde, Selbst mit Ernst Vogenauer' ('Two friends, Ernst Vogenauer and I'). Today this oil painting is in the private collection of Gerhard Schneider. After World War II, Vogenauer became an art teacher in the High Art School of Berlin-Weissensee, in East Germany. Ernst Rudolf Vogenauer was involved with German expressionism and participated in different international events such as the "First exhibition of modern art" in Bucharest. From 1946 to 1962 he worked as docent at the Berlin-Weissensee Art School (Kunsthochschule Berlin-Weissensee). Source: Wikipedia Mi.748 (6+4 Pf - Church of Saints, Peter, Paul & Quirinus, Malmedy). Ref: 31.07.1940 Mi.749 (12+8 Pf - Eupen). Ref: 20.08.1940 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

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Officially stationery of Willi Brandes, stamp dealer in Berlin to a fellow collector. Featuring postage stamp sequence S127 from booklet sheet MHB 40. Ref: 17.12.1939 - 15/86 17th December 1936 Willi Brandes 17.12.1936 Willi Brandes cover.jpeg 17.12.1936 Willi Brandes cover.jpeg 1/1 Officially stationery of Willi Brandes, stamp dealer in Berlin to a fellow collector. Featuring postage stamp sequence S127 from booklet sheet MHB 40. Ref: 17.12.1939 - 15/86 Willi Brandes Image of Willi Brandes from the internet Further research required Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

16th August 1941 16th August 1941 1/1 Feldpost envelope sent from FPN12291 (RAD-Abteilung 2/41) to Landau, partially sealed using the lower left portion of 'Parole der Woche' Nr. 38 (1940). Ref: 16.08.1941 Further evidence of this Parole der Woche being used by the same soldier Used as a seal to the reverse of a feldpost envelope. Ref: 17.08.1941

Postcard depicting a scene from a female arbeitsdienstlager (possibly Osnabrück). Partially viewed, the flag is red with a white circle left of centre, in which a swastika is cradled by two ears of wheat. The flag signifies the Reichsarbeitsdienst der weiblichen Jugend – RAD/wJ - the Reich labour Service for young women. Ref: 10.08.1938 10th August 1938 RADwJ 10.08.1938 Female RAD reverse.jpeg 10.08.1938 Female RAD reverse.jpeg 1/1 Postcard depicting a scene from a female arbeitsdienstlager (possibly Osnabrück). Partially viewed, the flag is red with a white circle left of centre, in which a swastika is cradled by two ears of wheat. The flag signifies the Reichsarbeitsdienst der weiblichen Jugend – RAD/wJ - the Reich labour Service for young women. Ref: 10.08.1938 Reichsarbeitsdienst der weiblichen Jugend – RAD/wJ (The Reichs Labour Service section for young women) The Reich Labour Service ( Reichsarbeitsdienst ; RAD) was a major paramilitary organization established in Nazi Germany as an agency to help mitigate the effects of unemployment on the German economy, militarise the workforce and indoctrinate it with Nazi ideology. It was the official state labour service, divided into separate sections for men and women. From June 1935 onward, men aged between 18 and 25 may have served six months before their military service. During World War II, compulsory service also included young women, and the RAD developed to an auxiliary formation which provided support for the Wehrmacht armed forces. The RAD was divided into two major sections, one for men ( Reichsarbeitsdienst Männer – RAD/M ) and the voluntary, from 1939 compulsory, section for young women ( Reichsarbeitsdienst der weiblichen Jugend – RAD/wJ ). Source: Wikipedia The Labor Service for Female Youth (RADwJ) - like its more important counterpart for male youth - was designed from the outset as an instrument of power for the Nazi state. From 1935, young females, if 'Aryan' , were to be registered by the RAD and raised 'to become dutiful German citizens' during six-month stays in camps. Unlike the male RAD, however, the deployment initially remained voluntary. It was not until 4th September 1939 that compulsory military service was actually introduced for young women between the ages of 17 and 25. The women's labor service was also supposed to be the school of the nation, promote the formation of the national community and serve to develop a work ethic defined by the Nazis. Ultimately, the RADwJ also primarily pursued ideological goals, behind which productive work clearly took a back seat. The core of all efforts was and remained preparation for the appropriate role as wife and mother. Through the education of virtues such as commitment, dedication, obedience and perseverance, it was also possible to involve the young women in the implementation of the war of expansion without any apparent resistance. This was particularly true for the so-called 'Eastern operation'. During the course of the Second World War, the profile of the RADwJ changed significantly. The educational policy task that was the focus between 1936 and 1939 was increasingly replaced by missions that were necessary for the military economy from around 1941 onwards. Due to the compulsory service that had now been implemented, the RADwJ was the only organization into which entire - although not complete - cohorts of young women were drafted and were easily available through accommodation in camps. This created a working army of 'maidens' that, politically indoctrinated and closely monitored, could be used flexibly, especially from a war economic point of view. Source: jugend1918-1945.de Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

26th February 1946 Soviet Zone Mi.P16 26th February 1946 Soviet Zone Mi.P16 26.02.1946 Mi.P16 Soviet Zone reverse.jpeg 26.02.1946 Mi.P16 Soviet Zone reverse.jpeg 1/1 Official Soviet Zone 5 Pf postal stationery (Mi.P16 - imprint 'C154 L301'). Featuring various Soviet Zone (West Saxony) postage stamps (5 Pf - Mi.140, 6 Pf - Mi.141, 20 Pf - Mi.126. Ref: 26.02.1946 - 15/81, MPS431 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page