7th October 1939 Tschernoschin 1/0 See 07.10.1938 - 23/11 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

'1. Tag der Briefmarke' Version 1. Ref: 07.01.1936 7th January 1936 1.Tag der Briefmarke 1/1 '1. Tag der Briefmarke' Version 1. Ref: 07.01.1936 1. Tag der Briefmarke variations. As referenced in Postcards of Hitler's Germany , Vol. 1 (1923 - 1936), R. James Bender, pp.297-8 Variation 1 . Date and illustration on reverse in black (main image above). Ref: 07.01.1936 Variation 2 Date and illustration on reverse in black 'Richard Daniel' imprint in the address panel Variation 3 Date and illustration on reverse in black 'H. Treitel' imprint in the address panel Variation 4 Date and illustration on reverse in black 'T. Zirkenbach' imprint in the address panel Variation 5 Date and illustration on reverse in brown and red with date '7. Januar 1936' on obverse printed in grey Variation 6 . Date and illustration on reverse in brown and red with date '7. Januar 1936' on obverse printed in black. Ref: 07.01.1936 - 24/72 Variation 7 Date and illustration on reverse in brown and red with date '7. Januar 1936' on obverse printed in black and imprint from the Collector's Society of German Inflation Stamps Variation 8 . Date and illustration on reverse in brown and red with no date on obverse. Ref: 07.01.1936 - 24/73 Variation 9 . Date and illustration on reverse in brown and red with 'Fritz Paeplow' imprint to the address panel. Ref: 08.06.1936 - 24/89 Variation 10 Date and illustration on reverse in brown and red with date '7. Januar 1936' on obverse printed in black with Kosmo Cigarette firm imprint Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Pre-Third Reich propaganda postcard (without imprint) using the swastika as sunlight shining on a rural scene. The caption 'Landvolk erwache' loosely translates as 'Country people awake'. With Stutthof cancellation on Mi.194 (Free City of Danzig). Ref: 19.09.1932 - 3/103 19th September 1932 'Landvolk erwache' 1/1 Pre-Third Reich propaganda postcard (without imprint) using the swastika as sunlight shining on a rural scene. The caption 'Landvolk erwache' loosely translates as 'Country people awake'. With Stutthof cancellation on Mi.194 (Free City of Danzig). Ref: 19.09.1932 - 3/103 Stutthof Concentration Camp (Wikipedia) Also see: A Nazi Camp Near Danzig. Perspectives on Shame and on Holocaust from Stutthof . By Ruth Schwertfeger. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 2022. 255pp. Book review in German History Vol.41 No.1 March 2023 pp.140-142 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Mi.7-Mi.14 (03.01.1946) Spremberg definitives Mi.7-Mi.14 (03.01.1946) Spremberg definitives 1/1 Mi.7A/B - Mi.14A/B Spremberg definitives (Local Issue) Mi.8A. Ref: 18.04.1946 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

20th April 1942 1/1 Commercial postcard sent from the Austro-Polnische Kolnenverkaufsgesellschaft (Austro-Polish Coal Sales Company) to ? Ref: 20.04.1942

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21st July 1937 Krafft Simmross 21st July 1937 Krafft Simmross 21.07.1937 Avicion Militare SCW reverse.jpeg 21.07.1937 Avicion Militare SCW reverse.jpeg 1/1 Spanish Civil War. Cover sent by Krafft Simmross, an Unteroffizier (Uffz. - junior NCO), based at Tablada Aerodrome in Sevilla. The cover features a couple of postage stamps, including a partially covered 5 c. 'Pro Sevilla' (Allepuz 7). Ref: 21.07.1937 - 16/53 Tablada Air Base, Sevilla link to Spanish Civil War directory At the beginning of the Civil War, during the morning of 18th July 1936, the Tablada air base was the only military installation in Seville in which there was war activity. During the night several bombers from Madrid had landed to load bombs and then attack the Moroccan rebels. Throughout the morning there were several acts of sabotage by military supporters of the uprising, so that only one plane took off and bombed Tetouan. After the coup occurred in the center of Seville, Captain Carrillo, one of the main conspirators, went to the base with orders to depose Commander Rafael Martínez Esteve and put his subordinate, Commander Azaola, in his place. Esteve refused and, with the help of one of his officers, arrested the two coup plotters. He then sent separate detachments to block the bridges of San Juan de Aznalfarache and Hierro. The latter was raised to prevent the rebels from crossing to the shore of Tablada. At the beginning of the coup attack on the civil government, Governor Varela asked Martínez Esteve by telephone to bomb the rebels in Plaza Nueva and the Division headquarters in Gavidia. Esteve refused, but agreed to send about 100 men to defend the civil government. However, later bad news from the city center dissuaded him from sending this troop. Throughout the afternoon, several planes took off to carry out missions over Morocco. Around midnight, with the civil government and the Assault Guard barracks surrendered, Martínez Esteve became demoralised and also decided to surrender, so he handed over command to Azaola. Esteve was sentenced to death on 20th September 1936, but his sentence was later commuted. Between the afternoon of the 19th and the morning of the 20th, a complete company of the Legion landed in Tablada, under the command of Commander Antonio Castejón Espinosa. A tabor and a company of Regulars also arrived by land. After the coup d'état and until the end of October 1936, the base was the destination of the air bridge that linked North Africa with the peninsula. Fokker F.VII aircraft, Junkers Ju 52 and a DC-2 transported more than 13,000 legionnaires and regulars of the Army of Africa. During the war, it was also the place where Italian aircraft were received and repaired. In the midst of the Spanish Civil War, Albacete was the base of the International Brigades , the foreign forces that fought to defend the Second Republic against the rebel side, located in an important communications hub. The German Condor Legion of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich, which was fighting with the rebel side, carried out an air attack against the city on the night of 19th February 1937, which lasted for six and a half hours of bombing, between 8.30pm in the afternoon and 1.20am the next morning. The Condor Legion aircraft made more than 20 passes at intervals of 10 to 20 minutes. The majority of aircraft used were Junkers 52 from the Tablada air base (Seville) . The bombs especially affected areas such as Feria, Tinte, Altozano and Diputación, as well as the streets Ancha, Paseo de la Libertad, Félix Arias, Hurtado Matamoros, Marzo and Sol, among others, as well as the Los Llanos airfield, killing some 150 people. Source: Wikipedia Notes on Krafft Simmross Krafft Friedrich Wilhelm Simmross , member of Abw I M, KO Spain Source: www.archives.gov SIMMROSS , alias LAGARTO alias GITANO (same alias as SCHULTZE’s). Agent I-M, KO Spanien, Cadiz (named in STUBBS and BUGGE’s report on I-M Spain). Source: gatopardoblog.wordpress.com/2021/04/20/s-the-factual-list-of-nazis-protected-by-spain/ Wilhem Simmross , interrogated by the Allies in 1946, expanded on this information about the importance of the delegations of the Northern Inspectorate. The Inspector Fähnrich Ohlenroth worked mainly from Bilbao and was responsible for Vigo, La Coruña, Gijón, Santander, Bilbao and San Sebastián, a city to which he paid special attention due to its proximity to the border and its connection with France. Simmross provides interesting data on the importance that the German secret service attached to these cities. Of Gijón, Simmross says that it was a port where British ships loaded timber and ore; and that there were large liners in the port of the Musel. Of Santander the data is limited to stating that there was a fishing fleet and merchandise traffic. Simmross states that the Bilbao and San Sebastián delegations worked closely together. For naval matters (Ab-I-Marine), Bilbao and Vigo were the most important, and San Sebastián was the most important for border traffic. In fact, the German secret services consider Bilbao to be the most important espionage centre in northern Spain, the second being Vigo. Map 1 [Not shown here]. The Abwehr in Spain. Reproduction extracted from the interrogation of the Allies with SIMMROSS . Krafft Friedrich Wilhelm SIMMROSS was interrogated between 25th January and 16th April 1946. The National Archives (Kew, London), KV 3. Structure of the Kriegsorganisationen. Figure 1 [Not shown here]. Structure of the Kriegsorganisationen (KO) Spanien. Reproduction from the Allied interrogation of the German spy SIMMROSS . Krafft Friedrich Wilhelm SIMMROSS was stationed in Cadiz and Seville during World War II. He was interrogated between 25th January and 16th April 1946. The National Archives (Kew, London), KV 3-272. Source: The secret services in northern Spain during World War II: the German Abwehr and the English SOE. Javier Rodríguez González Universidad de León Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Mi.31-34 (23.06.1945) Meißen Mi.31-34 (23.06.1945) Meißen 1/0 What appears to be a collectors cover featuring Meißen obliterations 'Deutschlands Verderber' (Germany's corrupter), Mi.31 and Mi.33. Ref: 15.11.1945 German Local Issues - MEISSEN - Mi.31-34 Meißen overprint Mi.32 (Ref: 15.11.1945) Meißen overprint Mi.33 (Ref: 15.11.1945) Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

13th April 1936 1/1 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Cover sent from Walter Beckhaus in Berlin to Oberst a.D. Sigmund Högler (a retired Lieutenant Colonel) residing at Viale di Maia 11, Meran, in Italy. The cover features an imprint of the 15 Pf Hindenburg Medallion (Mi.488). Ref: 04.11.1933 - 16/83 4th November 1933 Högler 04.11.1933 Mi.470 imprint reverse.jpeg 04.11.1933 Mi.470 imprint reverse.jpeg 1/1 Cover sent from Walter Beckhaus in Berlin to Oberst a.D. Sigmund Högler (a retired Lieutenant Colonel) residing at Viale di Maia 11, Meran, in Italy. The cover features an imprint of the 15 Pf Hindenburg Medallion (Mi.488). Ref: 04.11.1933 - 16/83 Högler Further research required for Oberstlt a.D. Sigmund Högler Other members of the family Margareth Högler (14.02.1893 - 1945). Address - Meran/Merano 1929: Viale Maia 18, House Margherita, 1933: Viale di Maia 11, House Margherita , 1938: via Maia 13. Spouse: Sigmund Högler . Children: Dietmar (1914), Maria Luise (1918), Elisabeth (1923), Margareth (1930). Notes: Margareth Högler came from Feldkirch and lived in Merano from 12th October 1922. Here she was recorded on 22nd August 1938 in the census of 'Jews' living in Italy by the fascist authorities. On 24th October 1938, the registration office recorded that Margareth Högler had proven that she was not Jewish up to the third generation. She stayed in Merano. Margareth Grünwald-Högler was in Trieste in 1944. On 12th October 1944, she was arrested in Venice. Margherita Grünwald was deported from Trieste to the Ravensbrück concentration camp on 11th January 1945. Murdered in the Shoah at an unknown location. Dietmar Högler (14.07.1914 - ????). Born Innsbruck. University student. Address in 1938 - Via Maia 13, Merano. Notes: Dietmar Högler came from Feldkirch and lived in Merano since 12th October 1922. Here he was recorded on 22nd August 1938 in the census of 'Jews' living in Italy by the fascist authorities. On 24th October 1938, the registration office recorded that he had proven that he was not Jewish up to the third generation. Source: database-meranoebraica-it. Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

25th December 1943 Russian Field Post 25th December 1943 Russian Field Post 1/0 Russian Field Post See 25.12.1943 - 25/93 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

3rd April 1946 Mi.P783 II 3rd April 1946 Mi.P783 II 03.04.1946 Mi.P783 II reverse.jpeg 03.04.1946 Mi.P783 II reverse.jpeg 1/1 British Zone provisional postcard (Mi.P783 II - open 'a' typeface used for instructions). With additional Bremen RPD 6 Pf (red/broken border) = Mi.PA18 II. Sent on the 3rd day of the reinstatement of foreign mail. To Samuel Gapp of Bethlehem in the USA. Ref: 03.04.1946 Correspondence to reverse: 'Dear Brother Gapp! Through Brother Baudest I heard of you and your intention to come across the Atlantic. I should very much like to see you then and learn all about you and your family. May I ask you to give or let me know the following addresses: of your son Samuel V. Gapp, of mu uncle Athur E. Francke, of his son Arthur, and of my cousin Aruim [?] Francke? I remember the peacful days which I spent in your hospitable home - how far seem those times? - I've lost everything, of course, my family was evacuated from Niesky, and now I am looking for a job. My mother, who had remained at [place name?] to attend a widow, died in a burning house, while G. was occupied by the Russians. My best regards to you and your family. Yours ever, Walter D. Franke.' Link to an article that includes Samuel Gapp and the Moravian Church in Bethlehem Reinstatement of foreign mail from Germany HC Deb 01 April 1946 vol 421 c831831 The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (Mr. John Hynd) With the permission of the House, I should like to make a brief statement on international postal services to and from Germany. These have been resumed, and will operate between Germany and all countries except Japan and its dependencies and Spain. The service is, for the present, limited to letters up to 10z. in weight and to non-illustrated postcards. Only messages of a personal and domestic nature may be sent; no business correspondence is yet allowed. All mail will be subject to censorship in Germany. Mr . William Williams Can the hon. Gentleman say anything with regard to the organisation of the trade union connected with the postal service in Germany? Mr. Hynd I am afraid I do not appreciate the full import of the question. It does not seem to relate to the reintroduction of the postal services. Mr . Williams I should like to know what form of organisation this is taking. Is it to be worked by German workers? If so, are they organised in the manner in which they used to be before the Nazi days? Mr . Hynd That is a rather wider matter. I do not think that it is connected with this question. Of course, the postal workers in Germany are being organised in trade unions. Lieut.-Colonel Hamilton Does that apply equally to all four zones in Germany? Mr. Hynd This refers to the postal services between Germany and the outside world. Mr . Sydney Silverman On what date will the services come into operation? Mr. Hynd They are already in operation. Captain Francis Noel-Baker What authority will carry out the censorship? Mr. Hynd The censorship will be carried out under the responsibility of the occupying authorities. Source: Hansard Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page