Mi.126-137 (09.11.1945-02.1946) Numerals (II) Mi.126-137 (09.11.1945-02.1946) Numerals (II) 1/1 Cover sent within Leipzig to Thyssen steel manufacturers. Featuring a single 60 Pf stamp from the 'Numerals' (II) series (Mi.137, issued 15th Nov. 1945). ref: 12.01.1946 - 16/81 Allied Occupation - Soviet Zone - West Saxony 'Numerals (II)' - Perforated Mi.126 - 137 (w & z paper types, X and Y watermarks) Issued between 9th November 1945 and February 1946 Mi.132 X w (issued 12th November 1945). Ref: 28.01.1946 - 10/71 Mi.137 (issued 15th November 1945). Ref: 12.01.1946 - 16/81 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

2nd October 1940 1/1

1st June 1945 1st June 1945 1/1 Commercial cover sent from Wien to Purkersdorf, featuring a 8pf Hitler Head definitive overprinted with 'Österreich'. Ref: 01.06.1945

24th July 1945 Essen 1 - Mi.PA01 24th July 1945 Essen 1 - Mi.PA01 1/0 Allied Postal Stationery BRITISH ZONE ESSEN 1 - Mi.PA01 See 24.07.1945 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

7th March 1935 1/1 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

15th February 1943 B&M: Newspaper stamps 15th February 1943 B&M: Newspaper stamps 1/1 Wrapper sent to bookseller Otakar Klos, in Jičín (Klos also appears to be the publisher of postcards. All found so far are of Jičín). The wrapper features two newspaper stamps; 5 H (Mi.118) and 20 H (Mi.123). Ref: 15.02.1943 - 15/62. Note: Date difficult to read, therefore nominally given date of newspaper stamp issue. Mi.117 - 125 Bohemia and Moravia: Newspaper stamps (similar to Mi.42 - 50 but with added inscription 'DEUTSCHES REICH') Mi.118. Ref: 15.02.1943 - 15/62 Mi.123. Ref: 15.02.1943 - 15/62 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Note: folded envelope and self addressed implies that this was a reply envelope 13th February 1934 1/0 Note: folded envelope and self addressed implies that this was a reply envelope Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

23rd March 1946 Herbert Lange 23rd March 1946 Herbert Lange 23.03.1946 Herbert Lange reverse.jpeg 23.03.1946 Herbert Lange reverse.jpeg 1/1 Commercial cover sent from stamp dealer Herbert Lange to an address in Berlin. Featuring 'Volkssolidarität' 6 Pf (Mi.141) and 12 Pf (Mi.144). With a large 'Briefmarken Lange' vignette to the reverse. Ref: 23.03.1946 - 15/82 Herbert Lange Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

10th December 1947 Walter Ewel 10th December 1947 Walter Ewel Ref_ 26_55 10.12.1947 Walter Ewel reverse.jpeg Ref_ 26_55 10.12.1947 Walter Ewel reverse.jpeg 1/1 Postcard Mi.P965a featuring a advertisng label from Walter Ewel 'Briefmarkenversand' of Kiel-Hasse. Ref: 10.12.1947 - 26/55 Walter Ewel Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

21st March 1939 21st March 1939 21.03.1939 Holesov.jpeg 21.03.1939 Holesov.jpeg 1/1 Postcard sent through the feldpost service to an address in Osnabrück. The photograph depicting the town of Holešov in Bohemia & Moravia. A 'Vorläufer' postage stamp: The tolerated use of a Czech stamp (Mi.349) following the creation of the Protectorate. Ref: 21.03.1939 Holešov Under the Nazi occupation, 200 Jewish families were deported from Holesov to extermination camps, with almost no survivors returning to the town. The 'New Synagogue', built in 1893, was torched and destroyed by the Nazi occupiers in 1941-42. The synagogue appurtenances were later transferred to the Central Jewish Museum in Prague. After World War II a small community was reestablished, affiliated to the Kyjov community. The Jewish quarter was restored, including the cemetery and the old synagogue, which from 1964 housed a museum of Moravian Jewry, a branch of the Jewish State Museum in Prague. Community records, ḥevra kaddisha statutes, and other documents covering the years from 1653 to 1914 were preserved in the National Library in Jerusalem and in the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Johanan b. Isaac, rabbi of the Hambro Synagogue of the London Ashkenazi community at the beginning of the 18th century, was a native of Holesov, as was Gerson Wolf, the historian. Geni.com Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

22nd April 1938 Schools in Hanover 1/0 See 31.12.1939 - 30/20 (late use of postcard BV2156) Schools in Hanover 'Raise the flag!'. At the school flag ceremony, boys and girls had to stand at attention with their teachers in the schoolyard and salute the swastika flag with 'Heil Hitler.' The flag song was sung (refrain): 'Our flag flutters before us. Our flag is the new age. And the flag leads us into eternity! Yes, the flag is more than death.' The 10 to 18-year-olds didn't consider how seriously the last line was meant. In another song adopted from the SA, it said: '...when Jewish blood spurts from the knife, then that's doubly good.' From 1936/37 onward, the Nazis increasingly restructured school curricula. Hitler photos in the classroom and swastika flags in and around the school became commonplace. In the 'ideologically formative' subject of German, spelling, grammar, and literature were relegated to the background. Instead, the German fatherland and the heroes of German history were emphasized. History lessons were restricted—instead of world history, only German history was taught, with a focus on the 'superiority of the Nordic race.' New to the National Socialist biology curriculum were 'heredity' and 'racial studies' —a subject in which pseudoscientific claims were disseminated that were and are rejected by reputable science. Instead of acquiring knowledge, 'physical fitness' was promoted as the National Socialist ideal—the number of physical education hours increased from two to four to six hours per week. Classical humanistic education was rejected as 'un-German.' According to Reich Youth Leader von Schirach, 'a teacher was inherently no more suitable as a leader of youth than any other member of the German people'. Although teachers were clearly not highly regarded, 97% of all schoolteachers joined the National Socialist Teachers' League. A third of all teachers were party members. School teachers and university professors deemed unsympathetic to the Nazi regime and Jewish teachers were dismissed from their teaching positions by order of Bernhard Rust, the Prussian Minister of Culture, who hailed from Hanover. From 1936 onward, the Herschel School and the Humboldt School offered an advisory center for 'aviation health' within the city's schools. 1939: The Bismarck School was converted into a military hospital. The Leibniz School showed particular devotion to the new regime: The school's director, Fritz Heiligenstaedt, reported the 'purging' of the school library and handed over masses of liberal literature for book burning at the Bismarck Tower. The Catholic Bonifatius School got a new headmaster on 17th October 1933: Schneemann was an enthusiastic National Socialist and frequently appeared at school in SA uniform. He forced the students to join the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls (BDM) en masse. Hitler Youth service was scheduled to coincide with Sunday morning church services. The Free Waldorf School was downgraded to an experimental school and closed in April 1939. Students at the Ratsgymnasium (a type of secondary school) defied their National Socialist history teacher, who was subsequently dismissed. In 1937, the last Jewish student (Israel Schul) passed his Abitur (university entrance exam). At the Kaiser Wilhelm Gymnasium, the headmaster, Hoesch, was almost dismissed because a student wrote an essay on freedom of the press. After the Nazis seized power, new school subjects were introduced: 'German Prehistory,' 'Heredity,' and 'Racial Studies.' In everyday school life, Jewish classmates were humiliated in front of the class. On the blackboard, written in German cursive script, are the words: 'The Jew is our greatest enemy. Beware of the Jews.' On the right, with bowed heads, are Jewish classmates. From 19th September 1935, Jewish pupils were no longer allowed to attend public schools. From May 1935, there was a Jewish elementary school run by the Jewish community of Hanover on Lützowstraße (from the book: History of the City of Hanover) . From June 1942, all schools for Jewish children and young people were closed. Source: https://www.ns-zeit-hannover.de/ Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

25th November 1939 'Der Reichsprotektor' 25th November 1939 'Der Reichsprotektor' 25.11.1939 Der Reichsprotecktor Mitlaufer reverse.jpeg 25.11.1939 Der Reichsprotecktor Mitlaufer reverse.jpeg 1/1 Official cover of the Reichsprotektor in Böhmen und Mähren. Sent from Prague to an address in the city. Featuring 'mitläufer' stamps Mi.M278 and Mi.M355. Ref: 25.11.1939 - 1/86 'Der Reichsprotektor in Böhmen und Mähren' At the time of this cover being posted the Reichsprotektor was: Konstantin von Neurath (1873-1956) From Wikipedia: Konstantin Hermann Karl Freiherr von Neurath was a German diplomat and Nazi war criminal who served as Foreign Minister of Germany between 1932 and 1938. In the early years of the Nazi regime, Neurath was regarded as playing a key role in Hitler's foreign policy pursuits in undermining the Treaty of Versailles and in territorial expansion in the prelude to World War II . However, he was often averse to Hitler's aims for tactical, not necessarily ideological, reasons. That aversion eventually induced Hitler to replace Neurath in 1938 with the more compliant Joachim von Ribbentrop , a fervent Nazi. In March 1939, Neurath was appointed Reichsprotektor of occupied Bohemia and Moravia, serving as Hitler's personal representative in the protectorate. Hitler chose Neurath in part to pacify the international outrage over the German occupation of Czechoslovakia. Soon after his arrival at Prague Castle, Neurath instituted harsh press censorship and banned political parties and trade unions. He ordered a crackdown on protesting students in October and November 1939 (1,200 student protesters went to concentration camps and nine were executed). He also supervised the persecution of Czech Jews according to the Nuremberg Laws. Draconian as those measures were, Neurath's rule overall was fairly mild by Nazi standards. Notably, he tried to restrain the excesses of his police chief, Karl Hermann Frank. However, in September 1941, Hitler decided that Neurath's rule was too lenient and so stripped him of his day-to-day powers. Reinhard Heydrich was named as his deputy but in truth held the real power. Heydrich was assassinated in 1942 and succeeded by Kurt Daluege. Neurath officially remained as Reichsprotektor . He tried to resign in 1941, but his resignation was not accepted until August 1943, when he was succeeded by the former Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick. On 21st June 1943, Neurath had been raised to the honorary rank of an SS-Obergruppenführer , the equivalent to a three-star general. Late in the war, Neurath had contacts with the German resistance. The Allies prosecuted Neurath at the Nuremberg trials in 1946. The prosecution accused him of ' conspiracy to commit crimes against peace; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression; war crimes and crimes against humanity '. Neurath's defence strategy was predicated on the fact that his successor and fellow defendant, Ribbentrop, was more culpable for the atrocities committed in the Nazi state than Neurath was. Neurath was held as a war criminal in Spandau Prison until November 1954, when he was released in the wake of the Paris Conference , officially because of his ill health, as he had suffered a heart attack . He retired to his family's estates in Enzweihingen , where he died two years later, aged 83. Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page