8th February 1946 8th February 1946 Cover sent to 'Korvettenkapiän a.D. Fr. Crüsemann'. Ref: 08.02.1946 - 13/50 Cover sent to 'Korvettenkapiän a.D. Fr. Crüsemann'. Ref: 08.02.1946 - 13/50 1/0 Notes on Friedrich Crüsemann U 86 was launched at the Germania shipyard in Kiel on 7 November 1916 and was commissioned on 30 November 1916. From February 1917 the boat was assigned to the IV. The commanders of the submarine were Kapitänleutnant Friedrich Crüsemann (30 November 1916 to 22 June 1917), Kapitänleutnant Alfred Götze (23 June 1917 to 25 January 1918) and Oberleutnant zur See Helmut Patzig (26 January 1918 to 11 November 1918). U 86 carried out ten operations in the eastern North Atlantic around the British Isles during World War I. In the process, 32 merchant ships with a total tonnage of 119,411 gross registered tonnes (GRT) were sunk. These included ships of the Entente powers as well as ships flying neutral flags. In addition, on 15 December 1917, a French naval tug was damaged by gunfire south of Belle-Île.

8th January 1945 8th January 1945 BM3 Francotyp Model 'C', 77 - 79mm, 'butterfly' frank, multi value meter, single circle, *000 1/0 Envelope sent from Pargue to Jungbunzlau, home of the Skoda car works. Ref: 08.01.1945

4th June 1939 Nuremberg Zeppelin Field 4th June 1939 Nuremberg Zeppelin Field 1/0 See 04.06.1939 - 24/48 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Germany from 1945 Unofficial & Private Postage Germany from 1945 Unofficial & Private Postage 1/1 Collectors cover featuring Spremberg (Niederlausitz) unofficial issues Mi.19A/B-20A/B (8 pf orange & 12 Pf pink-red) and Mi.21A/B-22A/B (8 Pf cyan & 12 Pf dark green), together with Mi.8A (4 Pf Spremberg official issue). Ref: 18.04.1946 - 16/91 German Unofficial and Private Issue Postage Stamps from 1945 Aschaffenburg Mi.1 (1946) Bad Nauheim Mi.1II-3II (1945) Mi.A1-A3 (1946) Bad Saarow Mi.IX-XII (1945) Mi.3-6 (1945) Barsinghausen (Deister) Mi.1-7 (1945) Berlstedt (Kreis Weimar) Mi.4-7 (1945) Birkenfeld (Württemberg) Mi.1-13 (1946) Dessau Mi.I-III (1946) Döbeln (Saxony) Mi.2-3 (1946) Eilenburg (Provence Saxony) Mi.I-III, IV-VI (1946) Falkensee (bei Berlin) Mi.1-6 (1945) Frankenau (Hessen) Mi.1-2 (1946) Frankenberg (Saxony) Mi.1 (1946) Halberstadt Mi.I (1945) Herrnhut (Oberlausitz) Mi.1-13 (1945) Lauterbach (Hessen) Mi.1 (1945) Lohne (Oldenburg) Mi.1-2 (1945) Mindelheim und Kirchheim Mi.2 (1946) Mühlberg (Elbe) Mi.1-15 (1945) Naumberg (Saale) Mi.I-IV (1945) Mi.1-7 (1946) Roßwein (Saxony) Mi.1-2 (1946) Ründeroth (Rhineland) Mi.1-6 Schönau (Schwarzwald) Mi.I-VIII Spremberg (Niederlausitz) Mi.19-20 (04.1946) Mi.21-22 (04.1946) Mi.23-24 (1946) Strausberg (near Berlin) Mi.1-6 (1945) Mi.7-33 (1945) Mi.Block 3 (1946) Unna (Westfalen) Mi.I - three types (1945) Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

24th December 1935 1/2 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

10th July 1943 Karl Geiling 10th July 1943 Karl Geiling 1/1 Folded letter-sheet containing a printed invoice (further research required) sent from Karl Geiling ('Shoe warehouse/ upholstered furniture warehouse/ Saddlery and upholstery shop') in Maßbach to the Municipal Administration in Pfändhausen. Ref: 10.07.1943 - 17/24 Folded letter-sheet containing an invoice from Karl Geiling the 'Master Saddler'. Karl Geiling and the Maßbach synagogue During the pogrom night in November 1938, the interior of the synagogue was destroyed. On the orders of the SA standard in Bad Kissingen, all 60 to 70 men of the local SA gathered in the early morning of 10th November 1938 and were divided into groups. One group destroyed doors, windows and furniture in the synagogue. Torah scrolls were torn up and trampled on. A number of ritual objects were taken from the synagogue and taken to an unknown location. The Torah shrine curtains and the silver utensils, which dated back to the early days of the community, were destroyed. The SA men then moved to Poppenlauer. After the pogrom, the mayor made the Jewish residents pay 800 RM for the repair of the synagogue windows. He also offered to sell the synagogue for 50 RM. Master saddler Karl Geiling , in whose courtyard the synagogue stood, tried to acquire the building, but this proved very difficult. The small Jewish community had no objections to the sale to him in July 1942. The last two Jewish men - Sigmund Max Eberhardt and David Frank - 'confirmed' their consent to the sale of the building to Karl Geiling in a 1942 document. As the transfer of ownership to Karl Geiling had still not been completed in 1948, Simon Eberhardt, who had fled to Argentina with his family, supported him with another letter that was intended to facilitate the sale of the building. The building was ultimately sold to Karl Geiling . He made structural changes to the building. Externally, the gable front and the windows were changed, the small porch on the east wall in the area of the Torah shrine was removed. Inside, a false ceiling was installed at the level of the former women's gallery. The saddler's workshop was set up below the new ceiling. Above, the building remained almost unchanged, here it was used as a storage room. The building remained in the possession of the Geiling family until 2012; in that year, a change of ownership took place. 'Confirmation' from 1942 regarding the sale of the synagogue: 'When the house of Samuel Eberhardt, the religious leader of the Maßbach Jewish community, was sold, Karl Geiling, master saddler, was given the assurance in 1921 that as soon as the synagogue was transferred to another owner, only Karl Geiling, master saddler from Maßbach would be considered. Since Geiling had always been friendly to the Jewish community in every way and some of the Jews of Maßbach had emigrated, died and moved away, and only two members of the religious community were present, namely the confidant David Frank and Sigmund Eberhardt, they supported, according to their signatures and community stamps, that only this property should be transferred to Karl Geiling, master saddler in Maßbach when it was sold. Maßbach, July 2nd, 1942. This document from 2nd July 1942 - with the two signatures of Sigmund Max Eberhardt and David Frank - is the last testimony of the Israelite community in Maßbach. On 14th July 1942, the last 6 citizens of the Jewish faith in Maßbach were brought to Würzburg for 'relocation' and deported from there. Only Sigmund Max Eberhardt was not. He died on 26th July 1942 in Würzburg and was buried there. Sigmund Eberhardt - formerly resident of Maßbach, house number 80 - wrote from Argentina to the Israelite Community in Würzburg regarding the sale of the synagogue building to his friend Karl Geiling on 30th May 1948: ' Chos Malal 30/5.1948 Isr. Kultusgemeinde Unterfranken Würzburg Valentin–Beckerstraße 11 As a former member of the Maßbach Community of my birth and former home town, I would like to confirm that Mr. Karl Geiling from there was always very decent and well disposed towards us Jews and I would therefore like to recommend that he be allowed to sell our former synagogue. Yours sincerely, Sigmund Eberhardt. ' Source: alemannia--judaica-de Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Cartoon from PUNCH magazine 15th July 1936. The school mistress 'Europa' chastises the schoolboy 'Mussolini' having thrown an ink squib at Abyssinia, with the 'sanctions' cane now set aside. Note the carved initials to the side of the teachers desk - A.H. (Adolf Hitler), NAP. B. (Napoleon Bonaparte), and B.M. (Benito Mussolini). 15th July 1936 Pages from 'PUNCH' 1/1 Cartoon from PUNCH magazine 15th July 1936. The school mistress 'Europa' chastises the schoolboy 'Mussolini' having thrown an ink squib at Abyssinia, with the 'sanctions' cane now set aside. Note the carved initials to the side of the teachers desk - A.H. (Adolf Hitler), NAP. B. (Napoleon Bonaparte), and B.M. (Benito Mussolini). The caption reads STILL DICTATING "YOU CAN COME OUT NOW AND JOIN THE OTHERS; I'VE PUT THE CANE AWAY." "SHAN'T, UNTIL YOU SAY I DIDN'T DO IT, AND GIVE ME MONEY TO BUY SWEETS." Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

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15th December 1942 Cartolina Postale 15.12.1942 Cartolina Postale reverse.jpeg 15.12.1942 Cartolina Postale reverse.jpeg 1/1 CARTOLINA POSTALE PER LE FORZE ARMATE. Italian propaganda postcard featuring a quote from Benito Mussolini. Ref: 15.12.1942 'Oggi, il Tripartito, nella pienezza del suoi mezzi morali e materiali, è uno strumento poderoso per la guerra e il garante sicuro della victtoria.' (Today, the Tripartite, in the abundance of its moral and material means, is a powerful instrument for war and the sure guarantor of victory.) Mussolini's quote is with reference to the Tripartate Pact (aka Berlin Pact) of 1940 From Wikipedia: The Tripartite Pact , also known as the Berlin Pact , was an agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan signed in Berlin on 27th September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano, and Saburō Kurusu (in that order) and in the presence of Adolf Hitler. It was a defensive military alliance that was eventually joined by Hungary (20th November 1940), Romania (23th November 1940), Bulgaria (1st March 1941), and Yugoslavia (25th March 1941) as well as by the German client state of Slovakia (24th November 1940). Yugoslavia's accession provoked a coup d'état in Belgrade two days later. Germany, Italy, and Hungary responded by invading Yugoslavia. The resulting Italo-German client state, known as the Independent State of Croatia, joined the pact on 15th June 1941. The Tripartite Pact was, together with the Anti-Comintern Pact and the Pact of Steel, one of a number of agreements between Germany, Japan, Italy, and other countries of the Axis Powers governing their relationship. The Tripartite Pact formally allied the Axis Powers with one another, and it was directed primarily at the United States. Because of the distance difference between Japan and the two European Powers, the pact recognized two different regions that were to be under Axis rule. Japan recognized 'the leadership of Germany and Italy in the establishment of a new order in Europe'. In return, Germany and Italy recognized Japan’s right to establish a new order 'in Greater East Asia'. But the pact's practical effects were limited since the Italo-German and Japanese operational theatres were on opposite sides of the world, and the high contracting powers had disparate strategic interests. As such, the Axis was only ever a loose alliance. Its defensive clauses were never invoked, and signing the agreement did not oblige its signatories to fight a common war per se . Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

15th November 1945 Riemer A.44 Censor 15th November 1945 Riemer A.44 Censor 1/0 See 13.11.1945 - 26/3 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Gemeinschaftslager (GSL) Gemeinschaftslager (GSL) 10.02.1945 Gemeinschaftslager reverse.jpeg 10.02.1945 Gemeinschaftslager reverse.jpeg 1/1 Cover sent from Milan to 'Gemeinschaftslager 2' in Nordhausen. Ref: 10.02.1945 Gemeinschaftslager correspondence within the Brief History collection Kroatenlager, Schönholz, Berlin 15.10.1942 Nordhausen (Harz) , Kasselstraße 31B (02.1945) Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Commemorative postcard (Mi.P250) in remembrance of Hitler's accession to power (30th January 1933). Featuring a 1 Pf Hindenburg Medallion postage stamp (Mi.512) together with the 8 Pf (Mi.485) that was issued in April 1933. Ref: 30.01.1934 Mi.512-528 (04.12.1933) Hindenburg Medallion Definitives 1/1 Commemorative postcard (Mi.P250) in remembrance of Hitler's accession to power (30th January 1933). Featuring a 1 Pf Hindenburg Medallion postage stamp (Mi.512) together with the 8 Pf (Mi.485) that was issued in April 1933. Ref: 30.01.1934 Mi.512 - 528 Definitive Stamps: Paul von Hindenburg Medallion (III) Notes: Engraving: Prof. Goetz. Letterpress printing. Sheets 10 x 10. Swastika watermark (X = upper hook of the swastika to the left, Y = upper hook of the swastika to the right - with a significantly higher commercial value) Perf. 14 x 14¼. Quantity issued: unknown. Valid until May 1945 Mi.512 X (1 Pf - issued 04.12.1933). Ref: 30.01.1934 Mi.512 X 'Pink' (1 Pf). Ref: 01.04.1935 - 17/65 Mi.513 X & Y (3 Pf - issued 01. 1934). Ref: 12.12.1936 Mi.514 X (4 Pf - issued 02. 1934). Ref: 01.12.1934 Mi.515 X (5 Pf - issued 02. 1934). Ref: 11.04.1934 Mi.516 X (6 Pf - issued 02. 1934). Ref: 28.07.1936 Mi.517 X (8 Pf - issued 02. 1934). Ref: 22.04.1936 Mi.518 X & Y (10 Pf - issued 02. 1934). Ref: 11.06.1937 Mi.519 X (12 Pf - issued 02. 1934). Ref: 29.01.1935 Mi.520 X (15 Pf - issued 04. 1934). Ref: 15.02.1937 Mi.521 X (20 Pf - issued 04. 1934). Ref: 25.08.1937 Mi.522 X (25 Pf - issed 04. 1934). Ref: 24.12.1935 Mi.523 X (30 Pf - issued 02. 1934). Ref: 30.12.1941) Mi.524 X (40 Pf - issued 02. 1934). Ref: 01.03.1935 Mi.525 X (50 Pf - issued 09. 1934). Ref: 24.12.1935 Mi.526 X (60 Pf - issued 05. 1934) 29.03.1935 - 2/103 Mi.527 X (80 Pf - issued 02. 1936). Ref: 13.06.1942 Mi.528 X (100 Pf - issued 09. 1934). Ref: 31.07.1936 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page