Postcard issued to publicise the upcoming Saar Referendum. Ref: 13.01.1935 - 24/27, BV1235 13th January 1935 Saar Postcards (I) Postcard issued to publicise the upcoming Saar Referendum. Ref: 13.01.1935 - 24/27, BV1235 Further examples Postcard titled 'Gruß Lied zur Saar Abstimmung'. Featuring various signatures to the reverse under the words 'Sieg Heil' and beside the slogan 'Alles für Deutschland, unsere Liebe, unsere Lieben'. Ref: 13.01.1935 Fleurs & Papillions Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Official cover sent from 'Der Kommissar für die Osthilfe' in Berlin to the Wendische Volksbank AG, in Bautzen. Featuring the official briefstempel of the organisation. Generic cancellation JB: 117/813. Ref: 12.12.1935 - 16/62 12th December 1935 Title Official cover sent from 'Der Kommissar für die Osthilfe' in Berlin to the Wendische Volksbank AG, in Bautzen. Featuring the official briefstempel of the organisation. Generic cancellation JB: 117/813. Ref: 12.12.1935 - 16/62 Osthilfe From 1926 to 1937, the Eastern Aid was an agricultural policy support program of the Reich government and the Prussian state government for the eastern Prussian provinces . The starting point for this aid measure for East Prussia Germany was the previously agreed East Prussia Aid. At the turn of the year 1932/33, the explosive Eastern Aid scandal developed . The possible involvement of Reich President Paul von Hindenburg may have played a role in Hitler's appointment as Reich Chancellor on 30th January 1933. Lina von Hindenburg , the widow of Hindenburg's brother, could not keep the old Hindenburg estate Neudeck because of hopeless over-indebtedness and offered it for sale in the fall of 1927. It was given to Hindenburg on his 80th birthday on 2nd October 1927. His friend Oldenburg-Januschau had collected the funds for this primarily from members of the Reich Association of German Industry and the Reichslandbund. On 13th January 1933, the Reich Finance Minister Count Schwerin von Krosigk reported to the Budget Committee on the financial situation of the states and municipalities. With the German National People's Party abstaining , the committee adopted a motion by the Centre to clarify: 1. which areas were refinanced and 2. what amounts of money have flowed to large landowners on the one hand and to medium and small businesses on the other hand from the Eastern Aid, 3. what size the settlement assumed in 1932 and what settlement areas were made available in 1933. The DNVP had held back. Alfred Hugenberg offered his party a part in the government in a conversation with Schleicher. His condition was that the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Ministry of Food would be merged under his control. On 19th January 1933, the Centre Party MP Joseph Ersing revealed details of the misuse of public funds from the Eastern Aid in the Reichstag 's budget committee: 'And if the money given by the Reich was not used to cover debts, but to buy luxury cars and racehorses and for trips to the Riviera, then the Reich would have to demand repayment of the money. The large landowners were trying to make further parliamentary negotiations impossible. Therefore, behind the scenes, the strongest activity was being developed for an immediate dissolution of the Reichstag '. The allegations attracted interest not least because in connection with Ludendorff's revelations the names of Hindenburg and others were mentioned. Oldenburg-Januschaus had been mentioned in the press. These families should also have been favored in the allocation of public resources. It had also become known at the end of 1932 that Neudeck had been transferred to the president's son Oskar von Hindenburg in order to avoid inheritance tax. This could not be legally challenged, but it damaged Hindenburg's image as an 'honest and correct Prussian without fault' and increased interest in the new revelations. On 21st January 1933, the DNVP also announced open opposition. It spoke of the dangers of 'Bolshevism in the countryside' – as they did against Brüning in 1932. On 22nd January 1933, Hitler, Wilhelm Frick, Hermann Göring, Paul Körner, Franz von Papen, Otto Meissner and Oskar von Hindenburg met in Joachim von Ribbentrop's house. The discussion focused on the formation of a Hitler-Papen cabinet and the overthrow of the Schleicher cabinet. Hitler and Oskar von Hindenburg spoke for about two hours in private in the next room. Meissner later reported at the Wilhelmstraße Trial that Hindenburg said on the way back in the taxi that 'there was now no other option' than to make Hitler chancellor. Historians such as Karl-Dietrich Bracher suspect that Hitler threatened Hindenburg with further revelations; moreover, Papen himself agreed to be vice-chancellor; the DNVP and Stahlhelm had the majority in the cabinet and further revelations could be prevented. On 28th January 1933, Schleicher announced in the Tägliche Rundschau that he would ask Hindenburg for the authority to dissolve the Reichstag. In the event of rejection, he announced his resignation. At the same time, he warned of a 'Papen-Hugenberg dictatorship cabinet'. At the cabinet meeting in the morning there were no significant objections from ministers to Schleicher's plan. At midday he met Hindenburg. He refused and fired Schleicher. Although it was expected that Schleicher would resign, the news was treated as a sensation in the press. Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor on 30th January 1933. He formed a government of German Nationalists and National Socialists. Hugenberg became Reich Minister for Economics and Food, in this role also Commissioner for Eastern Aid. The Berliner Tageblatt reported on the collection of the already delivered files on the Eastern Aid scandal by officials of the Reich Commissariat for Eastern Aid on the morning of 2nd February 1933. Five days later, the same paper published an article about riots that prevented the investigation into the Eastern Aid scandal from continuing. Under the title 'The Eastern Aid Swamp', the social democratic newspaper Vorwärts reported on 25th February 1933 that the Berlin police chief had forbidden the SPD representative Kurt Heinig from publishing a brochure as a reporter for the investigative committee on the Eastern Aid scandal - because of alleged threats to public order. 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Postcard depicting 'Der jubelpapst PIUS XI'. Ref: 16.07.1935 16th July 1935 Pope Pius XI Postcard depicting 'Der jubelpapst PIUS XI'. Ref: 16.07.1935 Pope Puis XI (1857 - 1939) Pope Pius XI, born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (1857-1939), was the Bishop of Rome and supreme pontiff of the Catholic Church from 6th February 1922 to 10th February 1939. He also became the first sovereign of the Vatican City State upon its creation as an independent state on 11th February 1929. He remained head of the Catholic Church until his death in February 1939. His papal motto was 'Pax Christi in Regno Christi', translated as 'The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ'. Vatican City postage stamp (Mi.31) issued 31st May 1933. Ref: Prophila5 The pontificate of Pius XI coincided with the early aftermath of the First World War. Many of the old European monarchies had been swept away and a new and precarious order formed across the continent. In the East, the Soviet Union arose. In Italy, the Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini took power, while in Germany, the fragile Weimar Republic collapsed with the Nazi seizure of power. His reign was one of busy diplomatic activity for the Vatican. The Church made advances on several fronts in the 1920s, improving relations with France and, most spectacularly, settling the Roman question with Italy and gaining recognition of an independent Vatican state. From 1933 to 1936 Pius wrote several protests against the Nazi regime, while his attitude to Mussolini's Italy changed dramatically in 1938, after Nazi racial policies were adopted in Italy. Pius XI watched the rising tide of totalitarianism with alarm and delivered three papal encyclicals challenging the new creeds: against Italian Fascism Non abbiamo bisogno (1931; 'We Do Not Need [to Acquaint You]'); against Nazism Mit brennender Sorge (1937; 'With Deep Concern'), and against atheist Communism Divini redemptoris (1937; 'Divine Redeemer'). He also challenged the extremist nationalism of the Action Française movement and antisemitism in the United States. The Nazis, like the Pope, were unalterably opposed to Communism. In the years leading up to the 1933 election, the German bishops opposed the Nazi Party by proscribing German Catholics from joining and participating in it. This changed by the end of March after Cardinal Michael Von Faulhaber of Munich met with the Pope. One author claims that Pius expressed support for the regime soon after Hitler's rise to power, with the author asserting that he said, 'I have changed my mind about Hitler, it is for the first time that such a government voice has been raised to denounce Bolshevism in such categorical terms, joining with the voice of the pope.' A threatening, though initially sporadic persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany followed the 1933 Nazi takeover in Germany. In the dying days of the Weimar Republic, the newly appointed Chancellor Adolf Hitler moved quickly to eliminate political Catholicism. Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen was dispatched to Rome to negotiate a Reich concordat with the Holy See. Ian Kershaw wrote that the Vatican was anxious to reach an agreement with the new government, despite 'continuing molestation of Catholic clergy, and other outrages committed by Nazi radicals against the Church and its organisations". Negotiations were conducted by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII (1939–1958). The Reichskonkordat was signed by Pacelli and by the German government in June 1933, and included guarantees of liberty for the Church, independence for Catholic organisations and youth groups, and religious teaching in schools. The treaty was an extension of existing concordats already signed with Prussia and Bavaria, but wrote Hebblethwaite, it seemed 'more like a surrender than anything else: it involved the suicide of the [Catholic] Centre Party... '. 'The agreement', wrote William Shirer, 'was hardly put to paper before it was being broken by the Nazi Government'. On 25th July, the Nazis promulgated their sterilisation law, an offensive policy in the eyes of the Catholic Church. Five days later, moves began to dissolve the Catholic Youth League. Clergy, nuns and lay leaders began to be targeted, leading to thousands of arrests over the ensuing years, often on trumped up charges of currency smuggling or 'immorality'. In February 1936, Hitler sent Pius a telegram congratulating the Pope on the anniversary of his coronation, but Pius responded with criticisms of what was happening in Germany, so forcefully that the German foreign secretary Konstantin von Neurath wanted to suppress the response, but Pius insisted it be forwarded to Hitler. The pope supported the Christian Socialists in Austria, a country with an overwhelmingly Catholic population but a powerful secular element. He especially supported the regime of Engelbert Dollfuss (1932–1934), who wanted to remould society based on papal encyclicals. Dollfuss suppressed the anti-clerical factions and the socialists, but was assassinated by Austrian Nazis in 1934. His successor Kurt von Schuschnigg (1934–1938) was also pro-Catholic and received Vatican support. The Anschluss saw the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in early 1938. At the direction of Cardinal Theodor Innitzer, the churches of Vienna pealed their bells and flew swastikas for Hitler's arrival in the city on 14th March. However, wrote Mark Mazower, such gestures of accommodation were 'not enough to assuage the Austrian Nazi radicals, foremost among them the young Gauleiter Globocnik'. Globocnik launched a campaign against the Church, confiscating property, closing Catholic organisations, and sending many priests to Dachau. Anger at the treatment of the Church in Austria grew quickly and October 1938, wrote Mazower, saw the 'very first act of overt mass resistance to the new regime', when a rally of thousands left Mass in Vienna chanting 'Christ is our Fuehrer', before being dispersed by police. A Nazi mob ransacked Cardinal Innitzer's residence, after he denounced Nazi persecution of the Church. The American National Catholic Welfare Conference wrote that Pope Pius, 'again protested against the violence of the Nazis, in language recalling Nero and Judas the Betrayer, comparing Hitler with Julian the Apostate.' The Nazis claimed jurisdiction over all collective and social activity and interfered with Catholic schooling, youth groups, workers' clubs and cultural societies. By early 1937, the church hierarchy in Germany, which had initially attempted to co-operate with the new government, had become highly disillusioned. In March, Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical Mit brennender Sorge accusing the Nazi Government of violations of the 1933 Concordat, and of sowing the 'tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church'. The Pope noted on the horizon the 'threatening storm clouds' of religious wars of extermination over Germany. Copies had to be smuggled into Germany so they could be read from church pulpits. The encyclical, the only one ever written in German, was addressed to German bishops and was read in all parishes of Germany. The text is credited to Munich Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber and to Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII. There was no advance announcement of the encyclical, and its distribution was kept secret in an attempt to ensure the unhindered public reading of its contents in all the Catholic churches of Germany. The encyclical condemned particularly the paganism of Nazism, the myth of race and blood, and fallacies in the Nazi conception of God: 'Whoever exalts race, or the people, or the State, or a particular form of State, or the depositories of power, or any other fundamental value of the human community – however necessary and honorable be their function in worldly things – whoever raises these notions above their standard value and divinizes them to an idolatrous level, distorts and perverts an order of the world planned and created by God; he is far from the true faith in God and from the concept of life which that faith upholds.' The Nazis responded with an intensification of their campaign against the churches, beginning around April. There were mass arrests of clergy and church presses were expropriated. While numerous German Catholics, including those who participated in the secret printing and distribution of the encyclical, went to jail and concentration camps, the Western democracies remained silent, which Pius XI labeled bitterly a 'conspiracy of silence'. As the extreme nature of Nazi racial anti-Semitism became obvious, and as Mussolini in the late 1930s began imitating Hitler's anti-Jewish race laws in Italy, Pius XI continued to make his position clear. After Fascist Italy's Manifesto of Race was published, the pope said in a public address in the Vatican to Belgian pilgrims in 1938: 'Mark well that in the Catholic Mass, Abraham is our Patriarch and forefather. Anti-Semitism is incompatible with the lofty thought which that fact expresses. It is a movement with which we Christians can have nothing to do. No, no, I say to you it is impossible for a Christian to take part in anti-Semitism. It is inadmissible. Through Christ and in Christ we are the spiritual progeny of Abraham. Spiritually, we [Christians] are all Semites'. These comments were reported by neither Osservatore Romano nor Vatican Radio. They were reported in Belgium on 14th September 1938 issue of La Libre Belgique and on 17th September 1938 issue of French Catholic daily La Croix. They were then published worldwide but had little resonance at the time in the secular media. The 'conspiracy of silence' included not only the silence of secular powers against the horrors of Nazism but also their silence on the persecution of the Church in Mexico, the Soviet Union and Spain. Despite these public comments, Pius was reported to have suggested privately that the Church's problems in those three countries were 'reinforced by the anti-Christian spirit of Judaism'. In 1933, when the new Nazi government began to instigate its program of anti-Semitism, Pius XI ordered the papal nuncio in Berlin, Cesare Orsenigo, to 'look into whether and how it may be possible to become involved' in aiding Jews. Orsenigo proved ineffective in this, concerned more with anti-church Nazi policies, and how these might affect German Catholics. On 11th November 1938, following the Nazi Kristallnacht pogrom, Pius XI joined Western leaders in condemning the pogrom. In response, the Nazis organised mass demonstrations against Catholics and Jews in Munich, and the Bavarian Gauleiter Adolf Wagner declared before 5,000 protesters: 'Every utterance the Pope makes in Rome is an incitement of the Jews throughout the world to agitate against Germany'. On 21st November, in an address to the world's Catholics, the Pope rejected the Nazi claim of racial superiority, and insisted instead that there is only a single human race. Robert Ley, the Nazi Minister of Labour declared the following day in Vienna: 'No compassion will be tolerated for the Jews. We deny the Pope's statement that there is but one human race. The Jews are parasites.' Catholic leaders, including Cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster of Milan, Cardinal Jozef-Ernest van Roey in Belgium and Cardinal Jean Verdier in Paris, backed the Pope's strong condemnation of Kristallnacht . Pius XI died at 5:31 a.m. (Rome time) of a third heart attack on 10th February 1939, at the age of 81. His last words to those near him at the time of his death were spoken with clarity and firmness: 'My soul parts from you all in peace.' Some believe he was murdered, based on the fact that his primary physician was Dr. Francesco Petacci, father of Claretta Petacci, Mussolini's mistress. Cardinal Eugène Tisserant wrote in his diary that the pope had been murdered, which was a statement that Carlo Confalonieri later strongly denied. Source: Wikipedia Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Official postcard sent from 'Der Polizeipräsident in Oberhausen' to a recipient in Duisburg. Featuring a 'POL' perfin (C2 on Mi.482). Ref: 02.01.1935 2nd January 1935 Title Official postcard sent from 'Der Polizeipräsident in Oberhausen' to a recipient in Duisburg. Featuring a 'POL' perfin (C2 on Mi.482). Ref: 02.01.1935 Further Hindenburg Memorial 'POL' perfins B13a 'POL' perfin (Berlin II) on Mi.515. Ref: 16.06.1937 B13a 'POL' perfin (Berlin II) on Mi.519. Ref: 11.08.1936 C2 'POL' perfin (Oberhausen) on Mi.482. Ref: 02.01.1935 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Charity postcard in support of the Deutscher Offizier Bund (D.O.B.), an organisation founded at the end of WW1 to assist returning soldiers after the war. Ref: 31.12.1935 31st December 1935 Deutscher Offizier Bund (D.O.B.) Charity postcard in support of the Deutscher Offizier Bund (D.O.B.), an organisation founded at the end of WW1 to assist returning soldiers after the war. Ref: 31.12.1935 Deutscher Offizier Bund (D.O.B.) From Wikipedia.de The German Officers' Association (D.O.B.), founded on 5th December 1918 in Berlin, represented the interests of German soldiers returning home from the First World War. During the National Socialist era, the D.O.B. was brought into line with other associations and dissolved in 1943. In 1952, the Officers' Welfare Association (O.W.G.) was re-founded, which took over as legal successor to the D.O.B. and managed the remaining assets - in the form of real estate. The O.W.G., for its part, founded the German Officers' Association Foundation in 1994 and transferred its assets. Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

29th September 1935 Erich Dobrich Steglitz See 29.09.1935 - 26/17 See article in Iron Cross Issue 25 (2025), pp.122-127 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

4th March 1935 Post-referendum Saar Post-referendum Saar postcards See 01.03.1935 - 33/29 See 04.03.1935 - 15/3 See 33/23 (Der Weh is frei - Die Saar kehrt Heim) - see website https://www.clarku.edu/holocaust-and-genocide-studies/post-cards/der-weg-ist-frei-die-saar-kehrt-heim/ Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

(Self addressed?) postal stationery (Mi.P225 I). 'Paquebot' mail most likely sent from 'Ussukuma', a ship from the Deutsche Ost-Afrika Linie. Ref: 09.08.1935 9th August 1935 Deutsche Ost Afrika Linie (Self addressed?) postal stationery (Mi.P225 I). 'Paquebot' mail most likely sent from 'Ussukuma', a ship from the Deutsche Ost-Afrika Linie. Ref: 09.08.1935 Deutsche Ost-Afrika Linie (inc. the Woermann-Linie ) Deutsche Ost-Afrika Linie ( German East Africa Line , or DOAL) was a shipping line, established in 1890 as an alternative to the existing shipping services to East Africa, including German East Africa (1891–1919), then dominated by United Kingdom shipping lines. A year after the Nazi Party was elected, German shipping was reorganised in 1934, in which the large shipping groups were divided. HAPAG and NDL had to surrender their shares in Woermann Line and DOAL to the German Reich. Postcard depicting the DOAL passenger liner 'Ussukuma'. This ship sailed alongside to other ships from the Ost-Afrika line, the 'Pretoria' and 'Windhuk'. Ref: 12.06.1937 To the reverse of the postcard depicting the 'Ussukuma' , the caption states 'Woermann-Linie'. The Woermann-Linie was a German shipping company that operated from 1885 to 1942. The company was founded on 15th June 1885 by Adolph Woermann and developed as one of the leading shipping companies between Europe and Africa. From 1899 the company was headquartered in Afrikahaus, in Hamburg. For decades it transported contract laborers to various places on the African continent, for instance, workers from Liberia and Nigeria to Spanish Guinea. The Woermann family sold it to Deutsche Ost-Afrika Linie in 1916. In 1942, during World War II, the Deutsche Ost-Afrika Linie line and the Woermann-Linie were taken over by John T. Essberger of Nazi Germany. Both fleets were lost in post-war reparations. Source: Wikipedia 'Paquebot' mail At the Vienna conference in 1891, the Universal Postal Union established special handling regulations for mail posted on the high seas aboard ocean-going vessels. The rules were further clarified a the Washington, D.C. conference of the UPU in 1896. Such mail might originate with passengers or crew, or it might be picked up at a port of call lacking postal facilities for onward transportation to the next port having postal facilities. Mail posted at sea is generally held by the ship's purser or postal officer, if it has one, until the next port with postal facilities is reached. When the ship reaches the next port, the purser or postal officer delivers all mail received during the voyage to the post office serving the port. The mail is then marked 'Paquebot' or the equivalent and is postmarked by the post office and entered into the mailstream for delivery. The cover could have received a handstamp aboard ship, but that handstamp is not a postal marking. Covers and cards mailed at sea are generally referred to as 'paquebot' covers. 'Paquebot' is French for 'packet boat', and postal administrations use paquebot hand-stamps to mark mail received from a seagoing vessel that has no on-board post office. Source: Linn's Stamp News Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

13th October 1935 K26 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Indanthren: Logo vignette affixed to the reverse of an envelope dated 15th March 1926. Ref: 15.03.1926 - 10/10 12th June 1935 Indanthren Indanthren: Logo vignette affixed to the reverse of an envelope dated 15th March 1926. Ref: 15.03.1926 - 10/10 INDANTHREN POSTCARD SERIES Imprint 1072.h.1.500 (Ref: 12.06.1935) See 27/89 (1113.1.5.500) See 29/71 (1125 A. 7. 600) See 27/90 (1129.a.7.400) See 29/76 (1180. a. 7. 400) Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

12th March 1935 Mi.P215 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

24th December 1935 Title Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page