4th June 1938 1/3 4th June 1938 Sarvar to 27 Queen Square, Bath Dear Madeleine! Thank you so much for your letter. I am very glad you found your cat again. I wonder where he has been all the time. I hope you enjoyed your sherry-party. Baby is also practising her piano, but she is not very clever. I gave it up after four years. I could not play one tune. I enjoy much more listening in. However, our wireless set is rather old and we are not able to catch an English broadcast properly. I was at Verdi’s Requiem last year in Munich. The whole of the Milano’s Scala sang it with Gigli, Cigna and everyone, it was wonderful. I wish I could see and hear “Rigoletto” and “Traviata” once. I like the music of “Tosca” very much. I saw it twice already. In Munich we went to the opera very often. But Sarvar is such a little gossip town. We have nothing else than the cinema. The weather is beautiful here, all sun and heat. It is necessary for the hay to be brought in. Yesterday I eat the first strawberry. I like them very much. We are going to have heaps of them. Much of our fruits were frozen, we have scarcely any cherries. I go riding every morning, but already at 7 o’clock, it will be much too hot later in the day. I wish the water was warm enough to go swimming. Mammi is in Mandelieu with Deidi. I am expecting a letter of her every day. Have you fixed your plans for summer holidays? I think we are going back to Leutstetten later in August. I wish we were. Sarvar is rather dull, one never meets any friends. Baby is going with Papi out in the forest. They want to shoot some deer. Rasso is playing with our 5 young Dachshounds. They are very sweet, all speckled black & brown. Muck is going to Scotland today, I don’t know her address there. Fondest love, Baby sends her love too Loll Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Postcard depicting 'Der jubelpapst PIUS XI'. Ref: 16.07.1935 16th July 1935 Pope Pius XI 1/1 Postcard depicting 'Der jubelpapst PIUS XI'. Ref: 16.07.1935 Pope Puis XI (1857 - 1939) Pope Pius XI, born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (1857-1939), was the Bishop of Rome and supreme pontiff of the Catholic Church from 6th February 1922 to 10th February 1939. He also became the first sovereign of the Vatican City State upon its creation as an independent state on 11th February 1929. He remained head of the Catholic Church until his death in February 1939. His papal motto was 'Pax Christi in Regno Christi', translated as 'The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ'. Vatican City postage stamp (Mi.31) issued 31st May 1933. Ref: Prophila5 The pontificate of Pius XI coincided with the early aftermath of the First World War. Many of the old European monarchies had been swept away and a new and precarious order formed across the continent. In the East, the Soviet Union arose. In Italy, the Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini took power, while in Germany, the fragile Weimar Republic collapsed with the Nazi seizure of power. His reign was one of busy diplomatic activity for the Vatican. The Church made advances on several fronts in the 1920s, improving relations with France and, most spectacularly, settling the Roman question with Italy and gaining recognition of an independent Vatican state. From 1933 to 1936 Pius wrote several protests against the Nazi regime, while his attitude to Mussolini's Italy changed dramatically in 1938, after Nazi racial policies were adopted in Italy. Pius XI watched the rising tide of totalitarianism with alarm and delivered three papal encyclicals challenging the new creeds: against Italian Fascism Non abbiamo bisogno (1931; 'We Do Not Need [to Acquaint You]'); against Nazism Mit brennender Sorge (1937; 'With Deep Concern'), and against atheist Communism Divini redemptoris (1937; 'Divine Redeemer'). He also challenged the extremist nationalism of the Action Française movement and antisemitism in the United States. The Nazis, like the Pope, were unalterably opposed to Communism. In the years leading up to the 1933 election, the German bishops opposed the Nazi Party by proscribing German Catholics from joining and participating in it. This changed by the end of March after Cardinal Michael Von Faulhaber of Munich met with the Pope. One author claims that Pius expressed support for the regime soon after Hitler's rise to power, with the author asserting that he said, 'I have changed my mind about Hitler, it is for the first time that such a government voice has been raised to denounce Bolshevism in such categorical terms, joining with the voice of the pope.' A threatening, though initially sporadic persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany followed the 1933 Nazi takeover in Germany. In the dying days of the Weimar Republic, the newly appointed Chancellor Adolf Hitler moved quickly to eliminate political Catholicism. Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen was dispatched to Rome to negotiate a Reich concordat with the Holy See. Ian Kershaw wrote that the Vatican was anxious to reach an agreement with the new government, despite 'continuing molestation of Catholic clergy, and other outrages committed by Nazi radicals against the Church and its organisations". Negotiations were conducted by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII (1939–1958). The Reichskonkordat was signed by Pacelli and by the German government in June 1933, and included guarantees of liberty for the Church, independence for Catholic organisations and youth groups, and religious teaching in schools. The treaty was an extension of existing concordats already signed with Prussia and Bavaria, but wrote Hebblethwaite, it seemed 'more like a surrender than anything else: it involved the suicide of the [Catholic] Centre Party... '. 'The agreement', wrote William Shirer, 'was hardly put to paper before it was being broken by the Nazi Government'. On 25th July, the Nazis promulgated their sterilisation law, an offensive policy in the eyes of the Catholic Church. Five days later, moves began to dissolve the Catholic Youth League. Clergy, nuns and lay leaders began to be targeted, leading to thousands of arrests over the ensuing years, often on trumped up charges of currency smuggling or 'immorality'. In February 1936, Hitler sent Pius a telegram congratulating the Pope on the anniversary of his coronation, but Pius responded with criticisms of what was happening in Germany, so forcefully that the German foreign secretary Konstantin von Neurath wanted to suppress the response, but Pius insisted it be forwarded to Hitler. The pope supported the Christian Socialists in Austria, a country with an overwhelmingly Catholic population but a powerful secular element. He especially supported the regime of Engelbert Dollfuss (1932–1934), who wanted to remould society based on papal encyclicals. Dollfuss suppressed the anti-clerical factions and the socialists, but was assassinated by Austrian Nazis in 1934. His successor Kurt von Schuschnigg (1934–1938) was also pro-Catholic and received Vatican support. The Anschluss saw the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in early 1938. At the direction of Cardinal Theodor Innitzer, the churches of Vienna pealed their bells and flew swastikas for Hitler's arrival in the city on 14th March. However, wrote Mark Mazower, such gestures of accommodation were 'not enough to assuage the Austrian Nazi radicals, foremost among them the young Gauleiter Globocnik'. Globocnik launched a campaign against the Church, confiscating property, closing Catholic organisations, and sending many priests to Dachau. Anger at the treatment of the Church in Austria grew quickly and October 1938, wrote Mazower, saw the 'very first act of overt mass resistance to the new regime', when a rally of thousands left Mass in Vienna chanting 'Christ is our Fuehrer', before being dispersed by police. A Nazi mob ransacked Cardinal Innitzer's residence, after he denounced Nazi persecution of the Church. The American National Catholic Welfare Conference wrote that Pope Pius, 'again protested against the violence of the Nazis, in language recalling Nero and Judas the Betrayer, comparing Hitler with Julian the Apostate.' The Nazis claimed jurisdiction over all collective and social activity and interfered with Catholic schooling, youth groups, workers' clubs and cultural societies. By early 1937, the church hierarchy in Germany, which had initially attempted to co-operate with the new government, had become highly disillusioned. In March, Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical Mit brennender Sorge accusing the Nazi Government of violations of the 1933 Concordat, and of sowing the 'tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church'. The Pope noted on the horizon the 'threatening storm clouds' of religious wars of extermination over Germany. Copies had to be smuggled into Germany so they could be read from church pulpits. The encyclical, the only one ever written in German, was addressed to German bishops and was read in all parishes of Germany. The text is credited to Munich Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber and to Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII. There was no advance announcement of the encyclical, and its distribution was kept secret in an attempt to ensure the unhindered public reading of its contents in all the Catholic churches of Germany. The encyclical condemned particularly the paganism of Nazism, the myth of race and blood, and fallacies in the Nazi conception of God: 'Whoever exalts race, or the people, or the State, or a particular form of State, or the depositories of power, or any other fundamental value of the human community – however necessary and honorable be their function in worldly things – whoever raises these notions above their standard value and divinizes them to an idolatrous level, distorts and perverts an order of the world planned and created by God; he is far from the true faith in God and from the concept of life which that faith upholds.' The Nazis responded with an intensification of their campaign against the churches, beginning around April. There were mass arrests of clergy and church presses were expropriated. While numerous German Catholics, including those who participated in the secret printing and distribution of the encyclical, went to jail and concentration camps, the Western democracies remained silent, which Pius XI labeled bitterly a 'conspiracy of silence'. As the extreme nature of Nazi racial anti-Semitism became obvious, and as Mussolini in the late 1930s began imitating Hitler's anti-Jewish race laws in Italy, Pius XI continued to make his position clear. After Fascist Italy's Manifesto of Race was published, the pope said in a public address in the Vatican to Belgian pilgrims in 1938: 'Mark well that in the Catholic Mass, Abraham is our Patriarch and forefather. Anti-Semitism is incompatible with the lofty thought which that fact expresses. It is a movement with which we Christians can have nothing to do. No, no, I say to you it is impossible for a Christian to take part in anti-Semitism. It is inadmissible. Through Christ and in Christ we are the spiritual progeny of Abraham. Spiritually, we [Christians] are all Semites'. These comments were reported by neither Osservatore Romano nor Vatican Radio. They were reported in Belgium on 14th September 1938 issue of La Libre Belgique and on 17th September 1938 issue of French Catholic daily La Croix. They were then published worldwide but had little resonance at the time in the secular media. The 'conspiracy of silence' included not only the silence of secular powers against the horrors of Nazism but also their silence on the persecution of the Church in Mexico, the Soviet Union and Spain. Despite these public comments, Pius was reported to have suggested privately that the Church's problems in those three countries were 'reinforced by the anti-Christian spirit of Judaism'. In 1933, when the new Nazi government began to instigate its program of anti-Semitism, Pius XI ordered the papal nuncio in Berlin, Cesare Orsenigo, to 'look into whether and how it may be possible to become involved' in aiding Jews. Orsenigo proved ineffective in this, concerned more with anti-church Nazi policies, and how these might affect German Catholics. On 11th November 1938, following the Nazi Kristallnacht pogrom, Pius XI joined Western leaders in condemning the pogrom. In response, the Nazis organised mass demonstrations against Catholics and Jews in Munich, and the Bavarian Gauleiter Adolf Wagner declared before 5,000 protesters: 'Every utterance the Pope makes in Rome is an incitement of the Jews throughout the world to agitate against Germany'. On 21st November, in an address to the world's Catholics, the Pope rejected the Nazi claim of racial superiority, and insisted instead that there is only a single human race. Robert Ley, the Nazi Minister of Labour declared the following day in Vienna: 'No compassion will be tolerated for the Jews. We deny the Pope's statement that there is but one human race. The Jews are parasites.' Catholic leaders, including Cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster of Milan, Cardinal Jozef-Ernest van Roey in Belgium and Cardinal Jean Verdier in Paris, backed the Pope's strong condemnation of Kristallnacht . Pius XI died at 5:31 a.m. (Rome time) of a third heart attack on 10th February 1939, at the age of 81. His last words to those near him at the time of his death were spoken with clarity and firmness: 'My soul parts from you all in peace.' Some believe he was murdered, based on the fact that his primary physician was Dr. Francesco Petacci, father of Claretta Petacci, Mussolini's mistress. Cardinal Eugène Tisserant wrote in his diary that the pope had been murdered, which was a statement that Carlo Confalonieri later strongly denied. Source: Wikipedia Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

TP Roanne - Various 1/0

Reich Labour Service Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) Reich Labour Service Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) Screenshot 2021-11-27 at 09.29.50.png Screenshot 2021-11-27 at 09.29.50.png 1/1 RAD Directory 1938 Reichsarbeitsdienst der weiblichen Jugend – RAD/wJ (The Reichs Labour Service section for young women) Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

13th May 1935 1/1 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

1st November 1947 Albert Brückner 1st November 1947 Albert Brückner 1/1 Commercial cover from Albert Brückner Briefmarken, Phillip-Rosenthal-Straße, Leipzig. Featuring two 2 Pf 1st Control Commission Issue postage stamps (Mi.912) and a single 80 Pf Second Control Commission Issue postage stamp (Mi.957). Brückner's postal vignette is affixed to the reverse. Ref: 01.11.1947 - 17/46 Phillip Rosenthal (1916-2001) was a German industrialist, socialite and Social Democratic Party politician. With the rise of Nazism, and because of his Jewish origin, he and his family had to emigrate to England in 1934. He then worked in the Foreign Office's propaganda department, among others, with the Soldatensender Calais. In 1950, Rosenthal regained control of the family's company Rosenthal AG. In 1968, Rosenthal was awarded the Bavarian Order of Merit and in 1981, the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. From 1970 to 1971, he served as Germany's Parliamentary Secretary of State under the Ministry of Economic Affairs. Rosenthal was a public figure, and in addition to being Germany's 'China King', he was often recognised for his eccentric lifestyle and personality. Albert Brückner Further research required Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Mi.B1 (22.04.1939) Mi.B1 (22.04.1939) 1/0 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Official postcard of the Berlin Autoschau 15th February - 1st March 1936. With pre-printed hand-script correspondence above the printed words 'Marke und Stempel haben Sammlerwert' (Stamp and postmark have collector's value). Featuring postage stamp Mi.604 (6 Pf depicting Gottlieb Daimler) and special cancellation JB:Berlin182/103 issued for the motor show. Ref: 27.02.1936 27th February 1936 Berlin Autoschau 1/1 Official postcard of the Berlin Autoschau 15th February - 1st March 1936. With pre-printed hand-script correspondence above the printed words 'Marke und Stempel haben Sammlerwert' (Stamp and postmark have collector's value). Featuring postage stamp Mi.604 (6 Pf depicting Gottlieb Daimler) and special cancellation JB:Berlin182/103 issued for the motor show. Ref: 27.02.1936 Berlin Motor Show 1936 The Berlin Motor Show originally started in 1897 in the German capital Berlin as the home of the International Motor Show ( Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung , IAA) and ran until 1939. From 1951 the IAA eventually became established in Frankfurt. FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THE BERLIN MOTOR SHOW OF 1936 CLICK HERE TO VIEW EXTERNAL WEBSITE Link to Berlin Motor Show 1939 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Postcard depicting Hans von Tschammer und Osten (1887-1943). The quote beneath the image is part of a longer section, which in full reads, 'Es wird in Zukunft keinen Unterschied mehr geben können zwischen dem Geist der deutsche Leibeserziehung und dem Geist der SA. Jahn und Hitler verleihen der neuen Erziehungsform der Leibesübungen eine unüberwindliche Kraft, durch die deutsche Jünglinge und Männer zu einsatzbereiten Volksbürgern erzogen' (In the future, there will no longer be any difference between the spirit of German physical education and the spirit of the SA. Jahn and Hitler lent the new form of physical education an insurmountable power, through which German youths and men were educated to be ready citizens.). The 'Jahn' it refers to being Friedrich Jahn (1778-1852) a German gymnastics educator and nationalist whose writing is credited with the founding of the German gymnastics (Turner) movement. Ref: 06.06.1936 6th June 1936 Hans von Tschammer und Osten 1/1 Postcard depicting Hans von Tschammer und Osten (1887-1943). The quote beneath the image is part of a longer section, which in full reads, 'Es wird in Zukunft keinen Unterschied mehr geben können zwischen dem Geist der deutsche Leibeserziehung und dem Geist der SA. Jahn und Hitler verleihen der neuen Erziehungsform der Leibesübungen eine unüberwindliche Kraft, durch die deutsche Jünglinge und Männer zu einsatzbereiten Volksbürgern erzogen' (In the future, there will no longer be any difference between the spirit of German physical education and the spirit of the SA. Jahn and Hitler lent the new form of physical education an insurmountable power, through which German youths and men were educated to be ready citizens.). The 'Jahn' it refers to being Friedrich Jahn (1778-1852) a German gymnastics educator and nationalist whose writing is credited with the founding of the German gymnastics (Turner) movement. Ref: 06.06.1936 Hans von Tschammer und Osten (1887 - 1943) Hans von Tschammer und Osten was a German sport official, SA leader and a member of the Reichstag for the Nazi Party of Nazi Germany. Hans von Tschammer und Osten led the German Sports Office Deutscher Reichsausschuss für Leibesübungen (DRA) 'German Reich Commission for Physical Exercise' after the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. In July the same year Hans von Tschammer was granted the title of Reichssportführer , 'Reich Sports Leader', and the whole sports sphere in Germany was placed under his control. He re-established the organisation he led, transforming it into the Sports governing body of the Third Reich, Deutscher Reichsbund für Leibesübungen (DRL) 'Sports League of the German Reich'. In December 1938 it was renamed Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen "National-Socialist Sports League of the German Reich". Von Tschammer held the high-profile post of Reichssportführer until his death in 1943. The name of today's DFB-Pokal, Deutscher Fußball-Bund-Pokal 'German Football-Federation Cup', first contested in the 1934-35 season during von Tschammer's tenure as Reichssportführer , was known as Hans von Tschammer und Osten-Pokal ('Tschammerpokal') until it was last played in Nazi Germany in 1943. Many other innovative improvements regarding the organization of sports events that von Tschammer's formidable Reich Sports Organ introduced, like the Olympic torch relay, are still in use today. In 1929 von Tschammer joined the Nazi Party and became a member of the Party's paramilitary organisation, the SA, with the rank of SA- Standartenführer . In March 1932 he took over the leadership of the SA- Gruppe Mitte (Center Group) headquartered in Dessau and was promoted to SA- Gruppenführer . At the July 1932 German federal election, von Tschammer und Osten won a seat as a member of the German Reichstag from electoral constituency 10 (Magdeburg). He would remain a Reichstag deputy until his death. After Adolf Hitler's accession to power, von Tschammer was named Reichskommissar für Turnen und Sport (Reich Commissioner for Gym and Sports) of the German Sports Office Deutscher Reichsausschuss für Leibesübungen (DRA) in April 1933. Although he had been a relatively unknown figure in German sports, von Tschammer saw as his goal the use of sports 'to improve the morale and productivity of German workers.' Sporting skills were made a criterion for school graduation as well as a necessary qualification for certain jobs and admission to universities. Von Tschammer disbanded the DRA, branded as a 'bourgeois entity', on 5th May 1933 (officially 10th May). He was then elevated to Reichssportführer on 19th July and the whole sports sphere in Germany was placed under his control. In January 1934, he was named the head of the Sportamt (Sports Office) of Strength Through Joy, the Nazi recreational organisation. He replaced the DRA with a Nazi-oriented organisation, the Deutscher Reichsbund für Leibesübungen (DRL) on 27th July 1934, to serve as the official sports governing body of Nazi Germany. Von Tschammer was an active and able promoter of sports in Nazi Germany. He instituted the present-day German Football-Federation Cup. He also commissioned the publication of Sport und Staat (Sports and State), a massive four-volume Nazi propaganda report on the organised sports activities in the Third Reich. Sport und Staat was made by Arno Breitmeyer and Hitler's personal photographer Heinrich Hoffmann. This lavishly illustrated work had many pictures and information about the various Nazi organisations, i.e. SA, NSKK, Bund Deutscher Mädel, Hitler Jugend, etc. Printed in 1934 by the publishing house of the German Sports Aid Funds, a branch of the DRL, only volume one and two of a planned series of four volumes were published. The aims of the promotion of sports in the Third Reich included hardening the spirit of every German as well as making German citizens feel that they were part of a wider national purpose. This was in line with the ideals of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, the 'Father of physical exercises', who connected the steeling of one's own body to a healthy spirit and promoted the idea of a unified, strong Germany. A more controversial aim was the demonstration of Aryan physical superiority. Under von Tschammer's leadership, German Jewish athletes were systematically hindered by being denied adequate facilities and the opportunity to compete. Hans von Tschammer und Osten enjoyed the Nazi sports festivals in which he took a keen interest as organiser. He appears often as a spectator in a white suit during the massive displays of Nazi pageantry. On 17th August 1936, von Tschammer was appointed to the Prussian State Council by Prussian Minister President Hermann Göring. The 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin were held during von Tschammer's tenure as Reichssportführer and President of the German Olympic Committee. He played a major role in the structure and organisation of the Olympic Games together with Carl Diem, who was the former secretary of the Deutscher Reichsausschuss für Leibesübungen (DRA). Von Tschammer entrusted the organisation of the Fourth Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen to Karl Ritter von Halt, whom he named President of the Committee for the organisation of the games. Von Tschammer would be later blamed by historians for enforcing a ban on non-Aryans in Germany's Olympic team, a fact that was condemned internationally as a violation of the Olympic ethical code. But it is doubtful that he was the only one of the NSRL leaders behind that decision. Despite his major role in the Olympics and in the world of sports of his time, von Tschammer never became a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), a post he craved. In 1937 Karl Ritter von Halt was elected as member of the Executive Committee of the IOC instead of him. In January 1937, he was made head of the Sports and Physical Exercise Department in the Reich Ministry of the Interior and, in 1938, he was given the rank of State Secretary there. The same year he was promoted to SA- Obergruppenführer . [Link to Turn-u.Sportsfest Breslau 1938] However, von Tschammer's influence began rapidly eroding, as war preparations diminished the influence of sports in Nazi Germany in favour of militarism. Von Tschammer would never see the end of the organisation he had led for so long, nor Germany's defeat in World War II, for he died from pneumonia in Berlin in 1943. The assets he left behind were negligible for a man of his position. Von Tschammer was succeeded as Reichssportführer by Arno Breitmeyer. Source: Wikipedia Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

1st March 1939 1st March 1939 1/1 Detail of Reverse Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

20th April 1943 JB: Braunau 20th April 1943 JB: Braunau 1/1 Registered cover sent from Braunau to an address in Aschaffenburg. Featuring various postage stamps, including Mi.844, 847 & 848 from the 54th birthday issue for Adolf Hitler. Also including commemorative cancel JB:Braunau4/164. Ref: 20.04.1943 Also see 28/66 (1938) BRAUNAU cancellations as featured in the Bochmann catalogues (1952) JB:Braunau4/164 - 'Unser Führer/ bannt/ den Bolschewismus/20.4.1943'. Ref: 20.04.1943 Note on JB:Braunau4/164 - The postmark was used for one day only, 20th April 1943, at the following: Amsterdam, Berlin, Braunau, Munich, Nuremberg and Vienna Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

27th September 1939 27th September 1939 1/1 Postcard depicting 'The entrance to the 'Deutschlandhalle' '. Ref: 27.09.1939 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page