Reply envelope envelope addressed to 'Firma Kurt Heilmann' from Curt Degenfeld-Ley (a merchant) having the address 'Katharinenstr.4 (Griechenhaus) Hof'. See below for notes on the 'Greek House'. The postage stamp is tied with the special cancellation for 'Tag Des grossdeutschen Reichs' and to the upper left there is a violet hand-stamp which reads, 'Am 10. April dem Führer Dein Ja!' Ref: 09.04.1938 - 16/90 Notes on the senders address: The building at Katharinenstraße 4 near the market was a trading courtyard built in 1640 with a closed baroque façade facing the street, it resembled the adjacent house no. 2. At that time, Katharinenstraße was 'the most magnificent street in the city'. In the standard work Leipziger Barock, the art historian Nikolaus Pevsner describes the building as having high quality and lively ornamentation. The house and its predecessor buildings had been owned by major merchants since the 15th century, and from 1623 to 1804 by the Steger family, which also included the Electorate of Saxony lawyer and Leipzig mayor Adrian Steger. From the end of the 16th century, silk, cotton and fur traders from southeastern Europe came to the German markets, twice a year to the Leipzig Trade Fair (Greeks followed from the end of the 17th century). The building stood opposite the Old Weigh House and served as accommodation and a meeting place for these trade fair visitors. The rear courtyards were rented to merchants (note that the address for the merchant above, Curt Degenfeld-Ley includes the word 'Hof' - courtyard), and there were also inns in the complex . As early as 1700, Greek Orthodox services were held in the building known as the Greek Prayer House, and regularly from 1751 to 1909. A chapel room was set up for this purpose in the 18th century. In 1858, the Greek House was recognised as the first Orthodox church in Germany. In addition to Greek, it also served Russian and Romanian believers. The congregation was mainly made up of merchants and students. The theologian Eugenios Voulgaris lived there during his stay in Leipzig from 1763 to 1771. In 1808 and 1813, the Russian Tsar Alexander I visited the house and also attended church services. Since 1887, the building was officially called the Greek House (Griechenhaus). On 4th December 1943, the Greek House was destroyed by bombing. A new building now stands in its place, which houses, among other things, the famous Pinguin milk bar. Since 1999, there has been a memorial plaque on the building that refers to the former Greek House. The term Greek House is still used by the German-Greek Society Greek House Leipzig eV. Source: Wikipedia 9th April 1938 Anschluss Hand-stamp Slogans 1/1 Reply envelope envelope addressed to 'Firma Kurt Heilmann' from Curt Degenfeld-Ley (a merchant) having the address 'Katharinenstr.4 (Griechenhaus) Hof'. See below for notes on the 'Greek House'. The postage stamp is tied with the special cancellation for 'Tag Des grossdeutschen Reichs' and to the upper left there is a violet hand-stamp which reads, 'Am 10. April dem Führer Dein Ja!' Ref: 09.04.1938 - 16/90 Notes on the senders address: The building at Katharinenstraße 4 near the market was a trading courtyard built in 1640 with a closed baroque façade facing the street, it resembled the adjacent house no. 2. At that time, Katharinenstraße was 'the most magnificent street in the city'. In the standard work Leipziger Barock, the art historian Nikolaus Pevsner describes the building as having high quality and lively ornamentation. The house and its predecessor buildings had been owned by major merchants since the 15th century, and from 1623 to 1804 by the Steger family, which also included the Electorate of Saxony lawyer and Leipzig mayor Adrian Steger. From the end of the 16th century, silk, cotton and fur traders from southeastern Europe came to the German markets, twice a year to the Leipzig Trade Fair (Greeks followed from the end of the 17th century). The building stood opposite the Old Weigh House and served as accommodation and a meeting place for these trade fair visitors. The rear courtyards were rented to merchants (note that the address for the merchant above, Curt Degenfeld-Ley includes the word 'Hof' - courtyard), and there were also inns in the complex . As early as 1700, Greek Orthodox services were held in the building known as the Greek Prayer House, and regularly from 1751 to 1909. A chapel room was set up for this purpose in the 18th century. In 1858, the Greek House was recognised as the first Orthodox church in Germany. In addition to Greek, it also served Russian and Romanian believers. The congregation was mainly made up of merchants and students. The theologian Eugenios Voulgaris lived there during his stay in Leipzig from 1763 to 1771. In 1808 and 1813, the Russian Tsar Alexander I visited the house and also attended church services. Since 1887, the building was officially called the Greek House (Griechenhaus). On 4th December 1943, the Greek House was destroyed by bombing. A new building now stands in its place, which houses, among other things, the famous Pinguin milk bar. Since 1999, there has been a memorial plaque on the building that refers to the former Greek House. The term Greek House is still used by the German-Greek Society Greek House Leipzig eV. Source: Wikipedia See 28/83 ('Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Fuhrer') See 28/92 ('Am 10.April dem Führer Dein Ja!') Further Anschluss Hand-stamp Slogans Commercial cover bearing the special postal cancellation 'Am 10.April dem Führer Dein Ja' (JB:274/829) together with a the hand-stamped slogan 'Ein Volk - ein Reich - ein Führer!/ Am 10.April "Ja" für/ Adolf Hitler!'. Ref: 08.04.1938 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

4th September 1945 4th September 1945 1/1

Censors (unattributed in GT) 1/0

26th July 1935 1/3 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Mi.746 (22.06.1940) 1/0 See 26.06.1940 - 23/97 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Commercial cover sent from Regensburg to Stuttgart. Featuring stamp sequence S221 from MHB 53. Ref: 28.02.1935 - 16/21 28th February 1935 MHB 53 28.02.1935 S221 reverse.jpeg 28.02.1935 S221 reverse.jpeg 1/1 Commercial cover sent from Regensburg to Stuttgart. Featuring stamp sequence S221 from MHB 53. Ref: 28.02.1935 - 16/21 Stamp sequences from booklet sheet MHB 53 S221 (Mi.559+Mi.557) from MHB 53. Ref: 28.02.1935 - 16/21 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

24th June 1946 Deutscher Dentisten 24th June 1946 Deutscher Dentisten 1/1 Postal stationery sent from a dentist in Baden-Baden with recognition of being a member of the Reichsverband Deutscher Dentisten. Ref: 24.06.1946 - 16/74 Reichsverband Deutscher Dentisten ( Reich Association of German Dentists) Soon after the constitution of the North German Confederation (1861–1871) came into force on 16th April 1867, the first licensing regulations called 'Announcement concerning the examination of doctors, dentists, veterinarians and pharmacists' were issued in accordance with Section 29 of the Trade Regulations for the North German Confederation in 1869. In 1872, it also became legally effective for the newly founded German Empire, according to which anyone was allowed to treat sick people without proof of appropriate training. Unlicensed medical practitioners soon began to change the job title 'dental artist' to 'dentist'. For unlicensed dental practitioners, dentists in turn suggested the (derogatory) job titles 'dental worker' or 'denture worker'. With regard to the job title dentist , they indignantly referred to the Romansh and Anglo-Saxon usage, according to which the terms 'dentiste' and 'dentist' referred to a licensed dentist. However, a sworn expert on foreign languages came to the following conclusion in a court report in 1907: 'The meaning of the word 'dentist' can be broken down into two parts, depending on what it is composed of: dens = tooth and the suffix 'ist'. The same suffix is used in many words for people who practice some kind of occupation, business, art, etc., for example ars = art, artist = artist, one who practices the arts. It is obvious that such terms do not contain any title, but rather the term 'dentist' is to be understood as a person who treats teeth, so that the term 'dental artist, dental technician' would mean the same thing as 'dentist'. So the person who calls himself a dentist is a dental technician who practices a free trade and who does not claim a title and is not entitled to one. Those who claim and are entitled to the title and who have passed an exam are dentists or, depending on their university education, doctors of dental practice. Therefore, neither foreigners nor nationals can confuse a dentist with a dental practitioner.' In 1908, the 'Association of German Dental Artists' changed its name to the 'Association of Dentists in the German Empire' (VDDR). In the following years, the term 'dentist' found its way into official language - despite protests from dentists. In 1910, training to become a dentist in Germany took at least six years. Three of these years were spent with a dentist, and one year was spent training in prosthetics , primarily with a dentist. This was followed by four semesters of training at a dental training institute, with a final examination. Licensed medical professionals were authorised to teach at dental training institutes. In 1920, dental training was recognised by the state. After completing the state dental examination, graduates were 'state-certified dentists'. They did not receive a license to practice. During the Nazi era, SA-Oberführer Fritz Blumenstein (1898–1993) was the Reich's Dentist Leader and from 1940 head of the Statutory Health Insurance Dentists' Association of Germany. During the Third Reich, the 'Reich Association of German Dentists' showed a great willingness to serve the Nazi regime in terms of professional politics in order to defend the market position of dental practitioners (which was contested by the organised dental profession). In 1949, the dualism between dentists and dentists came to an end in the Soviet occupation zone (Leipzig Agreement). The legal basis was the 'Order on the Licensing of Dentists of March 2, 1949' , which was issued by the Health Department of the German Economic Commission. The order stipulated that dentists would be accepted into the dental profession or prepared for an abbreviated university course after an appropriate period of training, which was based on the length of their practice. Source: Wikipedia.de Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

5th March 1940 Barlog 1468 1/1 Barlog cartoon postcard depicting a soldier seemingly short of money at the shop counter. Bestell-Nr.1468 (inc. waitress - see Nr.8709). Sent from a soldier of Batterie 640 and bearing the date cancel of Jüterbog-Neues Lager. Ref: 05.03.1940 The caption reads: Translation required Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Re-directed mail. Sent from Braunschweig 21st November 1936, arrives Swakopmund 15 (?) December 1936, after an unsuccessful delivery it's then forwarded to the recipient in Okahandja on 17th December 1936. ref: 21.11.1938 - 17/1 21st November 1936 Okahandja, S.W.A. 1/1 Re-directed mail. Sent from Braunschweig 21st November 1936, arrives Swakopmund 15 (?) December 1936, after an unsuccessful delivery it's then forwarded to the recipient in Okahandja on 17th December 1936. ref: 21.11.1938 - 17/1 Okahandja, S.W.A. Okahandja is a city of 45,159 inhabitants in Otjozondjupa Region, central Namibia, and the district capital of the Okahandja electoral constituency. It is known as the Garden Town of Namibia . It is located 70 km north of Windhoek on the B1 road. It was founded around 1800, by two local groups, the Herero and the Nama. A German pastor, Heinrich Schmelen, became the first European to visit the town in 1827. In 1844, two missionaries were permanently assigned to the town, Heinrich Kleinschmidt and Hugo Hahn. A church dates from this period. A military post was established at the initiative of Theodor Leutwein in 1894, and it is this date that is officially recognized as the town's founding. The Herero and Nama genocide (formerly, also 'Herero and Namaqua genocide') was a campaign of ethnic extermination and collective punishment which was waged against the Herero (Ovaherero) and the Nama in German South West Africa (now Namibia) by the German Empire. It was the first genocide to begin in the 20th century, occurring between 1904 and 1908. In 1903, the Hereros saw an opportunity to revolt. At that time, there was a distant Khoisan tribe in the south called the Bondelzwarts, who resisted German demands to register their guns. The Bondelzwarts engaged in a firefight with the German authorities which led to three Germans killed and a fourth wounded. The situation deteriorated further, and the governor of the Herero colony, Major Theodor Leutwein, went south to take personal command, leaving almost no troops in the north. In January 1904, the Herero people, who were led by Samuel Maharero, and the Nama people, who were led by Captain Hendrik Witbooi, rebelled against German colonial rule. On 12th January, they killed more than 100 German settlers in the area of Okahandja (led by Chief Samuel Maharero, the Herero surrounded Okahandja and cut railroad and telegraph links to Windhoek, the colonial capital. Maharero then issued a manifesto in which he forbade his troops to kill any Englishmen, Boers, uninvolved peoples, women and children in general, or German missionaries.  The Herero revolts catalysed a separate revolt and attack on Fort Namutoni in the north of the country a few weeks later by the Ondonga). Notes regarding native prisoners/labourers: Absolute Destruction: Military, Culture And the Practices of War in Imperial Germany , 2006, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp. 81–82:'Sterblichkeit in den Kriegsgefangenlargern', Nr. KA II.1181, copy of undated report compiled by the Schutztruppe Command, read in Col. Dept. 24 Mar. 1908, BA-Berlin, R 1001. Nr. 2040, pp. 161–62. The other annual average death rates (for the period Oct. 1904 to Mar. 1907) were as follows: Okahandja , 37.2%; Windhuk, 50.4%; Swakopmund, 74%; Shark Island in Lüderitzbucht, 121.2% for Nama, 30% for Herero. Traugott Tjienda, headsman of the Herero at Tsumbe and foreman of a large group of prisoners at the Otavi lines for two years, testified years later to a death rate of 28% (148 dead of 528 labourers) in his unit, Union of South Africa, 'Report on the Natives', 101.' FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE SUBSEQUENT GENOCIDE CAN BE FOUND HERE (WIKIPEDIA) The Herero genocide has commanded the attention of historians who study complex issues of continuity between the Herero genocide and The Holocaust. It is argued that the Herero genocide set a precedent in Imperial Germany that would later be followed by Nazi Germany's establishment of death camps. According to Benjamin Madley, the German experience in South West Africa was a crucial precursor to Nazi colonialism and genocide. He argues that personal connections, literature, and public debates served as conduits for communicating colonialist and genocidal ideas and methods from the colony to Germany. Tony Barta, an honorary research associate at La Trobe University, argues that the Herero genocide was an inspiration for Hitler in his war against the Jews, Slavs, Romani, and others who he described as 'non-Aryans'. Robert Gerwarth and Stephan Malinowski have questioned the supposed link with the Holocaust, finding it to be lacking in empirical evidence, and argue that Nazi policy represented a distinct turn away from typical European colonial practice. Additionally, they write that studies supporting the link completely ignore the influences of World War I, the German Revolution, and the activities of the Friekorps in the inurement of extreme violence as a method in the German political consciousness. Patrick Bernhard writes that the Nazis, including Heinrich Himmler, explicitly rejected the colonial experience of the German Empire as an 'appallingly outdated' model; when they did draw inspiration from colonialism for Generalplan Ost, it was from the contemporary work of Italian fascists such as Giuseppe Tassinari in Libya, which they viewed as a shining example of fascist modernity. All sources: Wikipedia Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

11th November 1939 Oflag XVIII-B 11th November 1939 Oflag XVIII-B 11.11.1939 Oflag XVIII-B reverse.jpeg 11.11.1939 Oflag XVIII-B reverse.jpeg 1/1 Kriegsgefangenenpost sent from a POW at Oflag XVIIIB at Wolfsberg to an address in Kielce, Poland. Ref: 11.11.1939 Oflag XVIII-B On 19th October 1939, Oflag XVIII-B, a prison camp for officers was set up in Wolfsberg. Its designation derived from defence area XVIII (District Tirol, Salzburg, Kärnten, Steiermark). The place had previously served to house internees during the First World War and remained for the disposition of Polish officer POWs. In February 1941 the camp became Stalag XVIII-A and took in prisoners from Stalag XVII-A in Kaisersteinbruch. The reason for this change was the lack of POW manpower in Districts XVII and XVIII. Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regrding this page

Propaganda postcard for the SA 'Wettkämpfe' (contest/competition) in Karlsruhe, 2nd & 3rd July 1938. Ref: 17.09.1938 17th September 1938 1/1 Propaganda postcard for the SA 'Wettkämpfe' (contest/competition) in Karlsruhe, 2nd & 3rd July 1938. Ref: 17.09.1938 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

7th October 1939 Tschernoschin 1/0 See 07.10.1938 - 23/11 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page