10th December 1947 Walter Ewel 10th December 1947 Walter Ewel Ref_ 26_55 10.12.1947 Walter Ewel reverse.jpeg Ref_ 26_55 10.12.1947 Walter Ewel reverse.jpeg 1/1 Postcard Mi.P965a featuring a advertisng label from Walter Ewel 'Briefmarkenversand' of Kiel-Hasse. Ref: 10.12.1947 - 26/55 Walter Ewel Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

21st March 1939 21st March 1939 21.03.1939 Holesov.jpeg 21.03.1939 Holesov.jpeg 1/1 Postcard sent through the feldpost service to an address in Osnabrück. The photograph depicting the town of Holešov in Bohemia & Moravia. A 'Vorläufer' postage stamp: The tolerated use of a Czech stamp (Mi.349) following the creation of the Protectorate. Ref: 21.03.1939 Holešov Under the Nazi occupation, 200 Jewish families were deported from Holesov to extermination camps, with almost no survivors returning to the town. The 'New Synagogue', built in 1893, was torched and destroyed by the Nazi occupiers in 1941-42. The synagogue appurtenances were later transferred to the Central Jewish Museum in Prague. After World War II a small community was reestablished, affiliated to the Kyjov community. The Jewish quarter was restored, including the cemetery and the old synagogue, which from 1964 housed a museum of Moravian Jewry, a branch of the Jewish State Museum in Prague. Community records, ḥevra kaddisha statutes, and other documents covering the years from 1653 to 1914 were preserved in the National Library in Jerusalem and in the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Johanan b. Isaac, rabbi of the Hambro Synagogue of the London Ashkenazi community at the beginning of the 18th century, was a native of Holesov, as was Gerson Wolf, the historian. Geni.com Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

22nd April 1938 Schools in Hanover 1/0 See 31.12.1939 - 30/20 (late use of postcard BV2156) Schools in Hanover 'Raise the flag!'. At the school flag ceremony, boys and girls had to stand at attention with their teachers in the schoolyard and salute the swastika flag with 'Heil Hitler.' The flag song was sung (refrain): 'Our flag flutters before us. Our flag is the new age. And the flag leads us into eternity! Yes, the flag is more than death.' The 10 to 18-year-olds didn't consider how seriously the last line was meant. In another song adopted from the SA, it said: '...when Jewish blood spurts from the knife, then that's doubly good.' From 1936/37 onward, the Nazis increasingly restructured school curricula. Hitler photos in the classroom and swastika flags in and around the school became commonplace. In the 'ideologically formative' subject of German, spelling, grammar, and literature were relegated to the background. Instead, the German fatherland and the heroes of German history were emphasized. History lessons were restricted—instead of world history, only German history was taught, with a focus on the 'superiority of the Nordic race.' New to the National Socialist biology curriculum were 'heredity' and 'racial studies' —a subject in which pseudoscientific claims were disseminated that were and are rejected by reputable science. Instead of acquiring knowledge, 'physical fitness' was promoted as the National Socialist ideal—the number of physical education hours increased from two to four to six hours per week. Classical humanistic education was rejected as 'un-German.' According to Reich Youth Leader von Schirach, 'a teacher was inherently no more suitable as a leader of youth than any other member of the German people'. Although teachers were clearly not highly regarded, 97% of all schoolteachers joined the National Socialist Teachers' League. A third of all teachers were party members. School teachers and university professors deemed unsympathetic to the Nazi regime and Jewish teachers were dismissed from their teaching positions by order of Bernhard Rust, the Prussian Minister of Culture, who hailed from Hanover. From 1936 onward, the Herschel School and the Humboldt School offered an advisory center for 'aviation health' within the city's schools. 1939: The Bismarck School was converted into a military hospital. The Leibniz School showed particular devotion to the new regime: The school's director, Fritz Heiligenstaedt, reported the 'purging' of the school library and handed over masses of liberal literature for book burning at the Bismarck Tower. The Catholic Bonifatius School got a new headmaster on 17th October 1933: Schneemann was an enthusiastic National Socialist and frequently appeared at school in SA uniform. He forced the students to join the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls (BDM) en masse. Hitler Youth service was scheduled to coincide with Sunday morning church services. The Free Waldorf School was downgraded to an experimental school and closed in April 1939. Students at the Ratsgymnasium (a type of secondary school) defied their National Socialist history teacher, who was subsequently dismissed. In 1937, the last Jewish student (Israel Schul) passed his Abitur (university entrance exam). At the Kaiser Wilhelm Gymnasium, the headmaster, Hoesch, was almost dismissed because a student wrote an essay on freedom of the press. After the Nazis seized power, new school subjects were introduced: 'German Prehistory,' 'Heredity,' and 'Racial Studies.' In everyday school life, Jewish classmates were humiliated in front of the class. On the blackboard, written in German cursive script, are the words: 'The Jew is our greatest enemy. Beware of the Jews.' On the right, with bowed heads, are Jewish classmates. From 19th September 1935, Jewish pupils were no longer allowed to attend public schools. From May 1935, there was a Jewish elementary school run by the Jewish community of Hanover on Lützowstraße (from the book: History of the City of Hanover) . From June 1942, all schools for Jewish children and young people were closed. Source: https://www.ns-zeit-hannover.de/ Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

27th November 1940 'Die bunten Hefte...' 4 27.11.1940 verso.jpeg 27.11.1940 verso.jpeg 1/1 'Die bunten hefte für unsere Soldaten', No.4 (first series), 'Die gefchichte von den Sieben Schwaben'. Sent from Frankfurt to a soldier (unable to read address sufficiently). Note that the address panel has been re-used by use of an adhesive label (the books edge possibly not resealed before posting). Ref: 27.11.1940 - 1/42 Die Geschichte von den Sieben Schwaben Seven Swabians are looking for adventure with a long spear[?]. On the way (in the hay month ) an insect buzzes at dusk, and the person in front, Mr. Schulz, thinks it is a war drum. He escapes over a fence, steps on a rake, the handle hitting him in the face, and surrenders, as do the others. A rabbit sleeps on a fallow field in the sun. They discuss what to do and the seven of them attack the supposed dragon with the spear until Mr. Schulz speaks so loudly in fear that the rabbit runs away. On the Moselle they shout over the water how to get across and are not understood. Mr. Schulz misinterprets the answer “what? what!”, wades in and sinks. His hat swims over, a frog croaks “wat, wat, wat”, then the others follow and drown too. Source: Wikipedia Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

10th November 1934 1/1 Cover sent to Defaka in Leipzig from Emil Köster of a German Civil Service organisation (Deutsche Beamten - RBD). Ref: 17.11.1933 - 10/79 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

2nd February 1942 Otto Nicodemus 01.02.1942 - 15_6 reverse.jpeg 01.02.1942 - 15_6 reverse.jpeg 1/1 Registered cover sent from Volkach a.Main to Frankfurt. The addressee being Otto Nicodemus. The cover featuring various stamps including examples of W149, W153 and W157 (form booket panes 119, 122, and MHB 69. Note the cover appears red when it is light ochre (due to scanning process). Ref: 04.02.1942 Otto Nicodemus (1886 - 1966) Contact Brief History to inform us of additonal information regarding this page

15th June 1943 Oflag XIII-B 15th June 1943 Oflag XIII-B Screenshot 2021-11-27 at 09.29.50.png Screenshot 2021-11-27 at 09.29.50.png 1/1 Oflag XIII-B Hammelburg Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Barlog cartoon postcard depicting two soldiers wringing out a wet tunic (with caption overhead). Bestell-Nr.1469. Ref: 20.06.1938 20th June 1938 Barlog 1469, 8710 & 8746 1/1 Barlog cartoon postcard depicting two soldiers wringing out a wet tunic (with caption overhead). Bestell-Nr.1469. Ref: 20.06.1938 The caption reads: Translation required FURTHER VARIATIONS Identical image to Bestell-Nr.1469 but with new Bestell-Nr.8710 (italic numerals). Ref: 16.10.1942 Bestell-Nr.8746 (italic numerals). Without overhead caption and new text to the signpost. Ref: 24.05.1942 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

13th November 1942 POW Camps in Canada 13.11.1942 Camp 33 Petawawa reverse.jpeg 13.11.1942 Camp 33 Petawawa reverse.jpeg 1/1 Cover sent from Aussig to a POW at Camp 33 in Ottawa. Featuring various German and Canadian censor marks. Camp 33 - Petawawa In December 1914 a Prisoner of War Internment Camp opened at Camp Petawawa housing 750 German, Austrian and Italian POWs. They occupied various buildings used by the militia in times of peace and were employed in road cutting, timber felling and ground clearing. The Internment Camp closed in May 1916. WWII – 1939-1945 Following the outbreak of WWII, approximately 40 POW/Internment camps opened across Canada, from New Brunswick to British Columbia, including several throughout Ontario and Quebec. The camps were identified by numbers; the camp at Petawawa was known as Camp 33, located on the Petawawa Forestry Reserve. Two temporary camps were also set up - one in Old Fort Henry, Kingston, ON and the other in the Citadel, Quebec City. Most of those interned in the Canadian camps comprised three ethnic groups – Germans, Italians and Japanese. Exile took two forms – relocation centres for families and relatively well-off individuals who were considered a low security threat; and the POW/Internment camps for single men, the less well-off and those deemed to be a security risk. Whole families lived in some camps until the end of the war when the camps were closed and the inhabitants released. Approximately 850 German Canadians were accused of being spies for the Nazis, as well as subversives and saboteurs. By mid December 1939, all enemy aliens from Canada’s East Coast along with those interned at both temporary camps at Quebec City and Kingston, were transferred to Camp 33 at Petawawa. The internees from the Citadel travelled by train, while the 150 at Fort Henry were transported by two motor bus convoys under armed guard, assisted by OPP Motorcycle Patrols. Also, in June 1941, 756 German sailors, most of whom had been captured in East Asia were sent from the Indian camps to Canada, some ending up in Camp 33. It should be noted that Camp 33 was strictly an all male camp, no families or females were held at this location. Many German Canadians interned at Camp 33 had immigrated to the Upper Ottawa Valley in 1876, arriving approximately one year after a Polish migration took up residence in Wilno. Their hamlet, consisting primarily of farmers, was called Germanicus, located less than 10 miles from Eganville. Their farms were expropriated by the federal government with no compensation whatsoever and they were imprisoned behind barbed wire in the camp. The Foymount Air Force Base near Eganville was built on this expropriated land. Even though none of these immigrant homesteaders of 1876 had ever gone back to visit Germany after their arrival, nor had their children or grandchildren, they were accused of being German Nazi agents. From September 1939 - July 1942 Camp 33 housed 645 German and Italian civilian internees. On 16th September 1940 Ernest L. Maag of the International Red Cross made an inspection visit to Camp 33 to determine the quality of the living/working conditions and that the protocols of the Geneva Convention were being upheld. In May 1942 an additional 292 Japanese internees were transferred from BC, bringing the Camp total to 718. By August 1942 all civilian internees were transferred to other camps where they remained until released in February 1944. Work was provided for the internees such as road building, forest clearing, wood cutting and beautification of the grounds for which they received 20 cents per day. Few civilian internees attempted to escape; however, the POW merchant seamen were not as content to remain at Camp 33 and a number of escapes were recorded, but all escapees were eventually captured. German officers and other ranks were interned at Petawawa until Camp 33 closed on 6th March 1946. It is estimated that throughout the war years Canadian Internment Camps housed a total of over 34,000-35,000 internees and POWs. Source: Petawawa Heritage Village (written By: Dianne MacKinnon 2011-08) Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

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Mi.1 (18.04.1942/1943) 1/1 Mi.1 (Ref: 07.11.1942)

14th March 1934 1/1 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page