Berthold Rhonheimer, the Jewish businessman associated with the firm, subsequently became a victim of Nazi persecution and appears in records concerning the 1940 Gurs deportations. He died in 1941. 7th January 1936 Tag der Briefmarke 1936 Berthold Rhonheimer, the Jewish businessman associated with the firm, subsequently became a victim of Nazi persecution and appears in records concerning the 1940 Gurs deportations. He died in 1941. 1. Tag der Briefmarke variations. As referenced in Postcards of Hitler's Germany , Vol. 1 (1923 - 1936), R. James Bender, pp.297-8 Variation 1 . Date and illustration on reverse in black (main image above). Ref: 07.01.1936 Variation 2 Date and illustration on reverse in black 'Richard Daniel' imprint in the address panel Variation 3 Date and illustration on reverse in black 'H. Treitel' imprint in the address panel Variation 4 Date and illustration on reverse in black 'T. Zirkenbach' imprint in the address panel Variation 5 Date and illustration on reverse in brown and red with date '7. Januar 1936' on obverse printed in grey Variation 6 . Date and illustration on reverse in brown and red with date '7. Januar 1936' on obverse printed in black. Ref: 07.01.1936 - 24/72 Variation 7 Date and illustration on reverse in brown and red with date '7. Januar 1936' on obverse printed in black and imprint from the Collector's Society of German Inflation Stamps Variation 8 . Date and illustration on reverse in brown and red with no date on obverse. Ref: 07.01.1936 - 24/73 Variation 9 . Date and illustration on reverse in brown and red with 'Fritz Paeplow' imprint to the address panel. Ref: 08.06.1936 - 24/89 Variation 10 Date and illustration on reverse in brown and red with date '7. Januar 1936' on obverse printed in black with Kosmo Cigarette firm imprint Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

The cover was posted during the period of increasing economic persecution of Jewish businesses under National Socialist rule. Two years later, in 1938, Rhonheimer & Elkan was sold to Hans Andreae of Hamburg-Wandsbek. Crucially, the surviving file concerning this transaction is preserved by the Baden-Württemberg State Archives amongst the Baden Ministry of Finance's official “Arisierungsakten” (Aryanisation files). 4th January 1936 2 Barrys cabaret The cover was posted during the period of increasing economic persecution of Jewish businesses under National Socialist rule. Two years later, in 1938, Rhonheimer & Elkan was sold to Hans Andreae of Hamburg-Wandsbek. Crucially, the surviving file concerning this transaction is preserved by the Baden-Württemberg State Archives amongst the Baden Ministry of Finance's official “Arisierungsakten” (Aryanisation files). Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

6th January 1936 W C Rotter Cabaret Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

5th January 1936 Silesiaposta Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

4th January 1936 Mi. P258 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Following the acquisition, the original company was dissolved and Andreae continued the business as “Hans Andreae vorm. Rhonheimer & Elkan” — Hans Andreae, formerly Rhonheimer & Elkan. Mi.603 (06.01.1936) Mi.603 Following the acquisition, the original company was dissolved and Andreae continued the business as “Hans Andreae vorm. Rhonheimer & Elkan” — Hans Andreae, formerly Rhonheimer & Elkan. Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

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Kaserne & Lager Directory Kaserne & Lager Directory Kaserne barracks directory Kaserne & Lager Directory Military barracks and camps referenced within the Brief History collection Also see: Date stamp cancellations with location A Adolf Hitler Kaserne - Brünn (Brno) -aka 'Schwarze Feld' - See 29/92 B Bad-Cannstatt - Flander Kasrene? - 29/44 Brake (Admiral Brommy Kaserne) - 32/64 D Donnerschwee (Oldenburg) Flak Kaserne E Elsenborn (Truppenubungsplatz) - 32/66 F Flak Kaserne (Bremen) - see 29/97 (Camp Grohn 1945-1955, Rolland Barracks 1955- now) G Grafenwöhr - See 27/51, 34/75 J Jachmann Kaserne , Wilhelmshaven K König-Friedrich-August-Kaserne , Dresden - see 36/41 25th October 1944 — König-Friedrich-August-Kaserne, Dresden-Albertstadt. Feldpost cover posted at Dresden N 15 on 25th October 1944, addressed to Frau Liselotte Giersch, Wiesbaden, Heinrichsberg 3. The sender gives an address at Marienallee 12, Dresden N 15. This address can be specifically identified with the König-Friedrich-August-Kaserne, originally constructed in 1894–95 and historically occupied by the II Battalion of the Royal Saxon Infantry Regiment No. 177. During the Wehrmacht period the complex continued in military use and was expanded. Documentary address evidence specifically records “Kriegsschule, Lehrgang C” (War School, Course C) at Marienallee 12. By 1944 Dresden was an important Replacement Army, training, administrative, medical and supply centre behind the Eastern Front. L Langensalza Kaserne Lechfeld (Fliegerhorst) - see 30/70 Leisnig - see 28/82 Löbau Kaserne - see 27/35 M Mosel Kaserne , Metz - see 32/33 Links: GOOGLE MAPS https://www.google.com/maps/@49.1260658,6.1669834,600m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDQyMi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/MetzenGuerre/posts/bonjour-%C3%A0-toutes-et-%C3%A0-tous-nous-vous-pr%C3%A9sentons-aujourdhui-une-collection-de-13-/413580515977614/ Munster P Plón-Ruhleben naval barracks - see 29/80 (see https://marineforum.online/en/training-under-many-conditions/ ) Prinz Heinrich Kaserne , Lenggries - see 30/41 S Scharnhorst Kaserne , Liegnitz St. Wendel , Saar - see 02.12.1940 - 30/90 T Tiborlger, über Schwiebus - see 30/9 V Vierhöf Kaserne , Budweis Z Zeithain-Hauptlager Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Commercial postal item of Franz Waldmann, Papierfabrikenniederlage, Wien IV, Brucknerstraße 6, bearing an Austrian postage-meter impression dated 19th April 1938. Although Austria had been incorporated into the German Reich on 13th March 1938, the meter impression still bears the country designation “ÖSTERREICH” and records the postage as 18 Groschen. The item dates from the special postal transition following the Anschluss. From 4th April 1938, the ordinary inland letter rate was calculated at the German rate of 12 Reichspfennig, while payment could still be expressed in Austrian currency at the conversion of 1 Reichspfennig = 1½ Groschen. Consequently, 12 Reichspfennig equalled the 18 Groschen shown by this meter impression. The cover therefore provides a particularly clear contemporary illustration of the postal and monetary absorption of Austria into Nazi Germany, with the old Austrian postal identity and currency still visibly surviving only weeks after the Anschluss. Ref: 19.04.1938 - 18/68 (Note: the reverse of this cover is blank and of no interest). 19th April 1938 Austrian Plebiscite: Transitional Post Commercial postal item of Franz Waldmann, Papierfabrikenniederlage, Wien IV, Brucknerstraße 6, bearing an Austrian postage-meter impression dated 19th April 1938. Although Austria had been incorporated into the German Reich on 13th March 1938, the meter impression still bears the country designation “ÖSTERREICH” and records the postage as 18 Groschen. The item dates from the special postal transition following the Anschluss. From 4th April 1938, the ordinary inland letter rate was calculated at the German rate of 12 Reichspfennig, while payment could still be expressed in Austrian currency at the conversion of 1 Reichspfennig = 1½ Groschen. Consequently, 12 Reichspfennig equalled the 18 Groschen shown by this meter impression. The cover therefore provides a particularly clear contemporary illustration of the postal and monetary absorption of Austria into Nazi Germany, with the old Austrian postal identity and currency still visibly surviving only weeks after the Anschluss. Ref: 19.04.1938 - 18/68 (Note: the reverse of this cover is blank and of no interest). Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

The Stuttgart itinerary for the Norwegian cruise of 21st June 1939 1st October 1934 'Stuttgart' The Stuttgart itinerary for the Norwegian cruise of 21st June 1939 Feldpost postcard bearing the official blue handstamp of the Kommando Troßschiffverband Nord , the Kriegsmarine command associated with naval supply vessels operating in the northern area.Interestingly, the correspondence was written on surviving stationery of the Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen passenger steamer Stuttgart , specifically a postcard originally provided in the ship's Damensalon II. Klasse (Second-Class Ladies' Saloon). The Stuttgart had subsequently passed from civilian passenger service into wartime use and served as a Kriegsmarine hospital ship. Note: The Stuttgart collected stricken passengers of the SS Dresden after the ship ran aground and beached on 20th - 21st June 1934. Therefore, if the Stuttgart had post office facilities, postcards dated 21st - 22nd will most likely be from one of the 1,000+ crew and passengers from the Dresden . Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

9th August 1943 9th August 1943 Zeithain Hauptlager Feldpost picture postcard posted at Zeithain Lager on 9th August 1943, showing a substantial building within the Hauptlager complex at Zeithain in Saxony. The Wehrmacht had established Zeithain in 1941 as Stalag 304 (IV H) specifically for Soviet prisoners of war. From September 1942 it operated as Stalag IV B/Z, subordinate to Stalag IV B Mühlberg. During early 1943 the camp was transformed into the Kriegsgefangenen-Reservelazarett Zeithain, which had a nominal capacity of approximately 7,700 beds and became the largest POW reserve hospital in the German Reich. At the date of this postcard, the overwhelming majority of prisoners at Zeithain were seriously ill or severely weakened Soviet POWs. Conditions and medical provision remained grossly inadequate, with tuberculosis particularly prevalent and high mortality continuing amongst the prisoners. Ultimately tens of thousands of Soviet POWs died at Zeithain, principally from starvation and disease. The apparently tranquil photograph captioned “Zeithain – Hauptlager” therefore provides a stark contrast with the conditions prevailing amongst the prisoners at the site when the card was posted. Ref: 09.08.1943 - 36/29 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

8th August 1943 8th August 1943 Petrikow SEE 28/57 Occupation of Petrikow Pre-1941: Petrikov, town and raion center, Poles’e oblast’, Belorussian SSR; 1941–1944: Petrikow, Rayon and Gebiet center, Generalkommissariat Shitomir; post-1991: Petrykau, raen center, Homel’ voblasts’, Republic of Belarus. Petrikov is located 53 kilometers (33 miles) west of Mozyr’. In 1939, the Jewish population of Petrikov was 1,074 Jews (18.6 percent of the total). Petrikov was occupied by the Germans on July 29, 1941, and then again, after a brief Soviet reoccupation, on August 19. Petrikov became the center of a Gebiet comprising the Petrikow and Shitkowitschi Rayons; it was attached to Generalkommissariat Shitomir in Reichskommissariat Ukraine. There was a garrison of up to 1,000 soldiers and policemen in Petrikov. The Gendarmes were housed on the premises of the former Petrikov raion committee of the Belorussian Communist Party; the SD, on Volodarskii Street; and Sonderstab R, in a former pharmacy. A sapper unit and six armored cutters for patrolling the river were stationed on the banks of the Pripiat’. A system of controlling the movement of the local population was also instituted. Separate killings of Jews, members of the Communist youth organization (Komsomol), and Soviet activists began in the summer of 1941. Aron Fainshtein (born 1871), who ran the pharmacy, was tied by his legs to a horse and dragged through the streets of Petrikov until he died. Fania Kustanovich (born 1936) was thrown into a fire because her mother Klara refused to reveal the hiding places of Red Army soldiers who had been caught behind German lines. Afterwards, Klara herself was shot. . The Nazis also persecuted and shot Jews in the surrounding villages. According to the testimony of Yevgenii Dus’, starting in the first days of August 1941, the Germans made a list of all the Jews in the Koptsevichi sel’sovet and demanded they report every day to the police station. Jews were forced to perform senseless work such as dragging a cart loaded with water, bricks and stones, scrap, and garbage from one place to another while the Germans laughed, insulted, or mocked them. 3 On September 15, 1941, an SS execution squad arrested the chairman of the kolkhoz, P.K. Gramovich, and a worker, L. Pasovskii, who were then led into the woods and brutally tortured. In August 1941, 4 people were shot in the village of Sekerichi. 4 At the end of September 1941, 25 Jews from Koptsevichi were placed in a vehicle under the pretext of being dispatched to Petrikov for interrogation and transported to the edge of Zheleznitsa, where they were shot. Until the end of September 1941, Jews lived in their own houses in Petrikov. They were obliged to wear distinguishing markings and had to unquestioningly carry out German orders. They were watched by a police force selected from local inhabitants. After the first mass execution, in September 1941, a ghetto was set up. To that end, the Germans allotted three buildings on Volodarskii Street. Many of these buildings lacked doors and windows. The ghetto was fenced off by barbed wire and placed under guard. The inhabitants themselves had to see to feeding themselves, providing their own heating, and coping with other problems of survival. The Jews were only able to leave the ghetto at night. Teacher Faina Raskina, Zaivel’ Peschanskii, and another person named Branets were killed for violating the internal regulations of the ghetto as established by the Nazis. The Nazis also refused to let them be buried in the Jewish cemetery. Every day at 6:00 a.m., those who were physically able were taken out to work, either logging or clearing snow from the roads. The ghetto existed until April 1942. The first Aktion was conducted on September 14, 1941 (or September 22, according to other sources), when a punitive squad of around 100 men, probably from the 1st SS-Cavalry Brigade, arrived on motorboats along the Pripiat’. They ordered the Belorussians and Russians to mark their homes with the sign of the cross. At the time, the Jewish community was observing the Jewish New Year in the synagogue. At Bliuma Gertsulina’s house, the executioners demanded she say where her valuables were hidden and then shot her. They killed a tenth-grader, Borukh Gertsulin, on Karl-Liebknecht Street. They chased the Jews—adults and children alike—in groups of 30 to 40 into the river. At the inlet Bychok, they forced them to lie facedown in the mud and then shot above their heads so that nobody would get up. Then they gathered around 400 people and told them all to undress and get in the water. The Germans opened fire with machine guns from the cutters. The dead and wounded floated in the water. Afterwards, the Germans finished off the wounded. The next day, the Nazis sought out the surviving Jews within the town and killed them on the spot where they found them. A group of Jews were driven to a cattle yard at the kolkhoz “Chervonnyi ogorodnik” (Golden-red Gardener) and shot there. The executioners burned down 35 houses on Third International Street and 17 houses near the pier. In several of the houses, they burned adults and children alive. A second Aktion followed on February 15, 1942, when a punitive squad consisting of Germans and Hungarians passed through Petrikov and conducted a cleansing Aktion—a search for Jews who were still alive—in Rayons Kopatkewitschi, Petrikow, and Oktjabr. The squad burned some of the Jews seized, while others were stripped and chased in the frost towards the village of Belki, some 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) from Petrikov, where they were then shot. In all, there were around 200 victims. The third Aktion took place in the last days of April 1942. The German Gendarmerie roused the remaining Jews at 4:00 a.m. and led them to a slaughterhouse about 1 kilometer (0.6 mile) northeast of Petrikov. The Jews were locked up in a barn, and each was undressed separately and then led out to be shot. The local inhabitants were forbidden not only to bury them but also even to go near the bodies. They were allowed to do so only after two weeks. In the following months, the Nazis and their accomplices hunted down surviving Jews who had hidden in the countryside with the assistance of Belorussian acquaintances. In March 1942, 23 Jews were killed in Kopatkevichi (Petrikow Rayon); in July 1942, 22 Jews in the village of Smetanichi; and on November 7, 1942, 20 Jews from the village of Babunichi. In February 1943, a police detachment of 15 men under the command of the chief of the indigenous police post in Koptsevichi, Igor’ Tseslik, unexpectedly appeared in the village of Brinev. They arrested the family of Boris Komissarchik (four people), led them out to a kolkhoz barn, stood them up against the wall, and shot them with machine guns. Several Petrikov Jews survived the war. Among them was Ginda Gutman, whom the executioners had thought to be dead. She hid in the village of Belanovichi and then made her way to the village of Makarovka in the Kiev oblast’, where she pretended to be a Pole under the name of Stepanida Beniak. Together with a group of Ukrainian women, “Stepanida” was sent to work in Germany. 1 Petrikov was liberated on June 29, 1944. During the years of occupation, 770 Petrikov Jews perished at the hands of the Nazis and their accomplices. Of these, it was possible to determine the names of only 132 families, including 66 women (50 percent) and 48 children aged 15 and younger (36.4 percent). Source: Smilovitsky, Leonid . “PETRIKOV.” The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAMPS AND GHETTOS: ZHYTOMYR REGION (GENERALKOMMISSARIAT SHITOMIR) , edited by Lohse, A. (Ed.) and Parken, O. (Ed.), translated by Ray Brandon, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2025. Project MUSE, https://doi.org/10.1353/document.3291 . Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page