Registered cross-border commercial cover from the Chemins de fer d'Alsace et de Lorraine (AL) at Kehl to the Manufacture de Verre Optique V. Avril, Saverne (Bas-Rhin), France. The reverse bears the particularly significant handstamp “KEHL A.L. / Chem. de fer A.L. / Agence en Douane”, identifying the Kehl customs agency of the French Alsace-Lorraine railway administration. The organisation had been created in 1919 to administer the Alsace-Lorraine railway network following the territory's restoration to French sovereignty after the First World War. The cover therefore provides tangible evidence in 1935 of the continuing cross-border railway and customs relationship created by the post-war settlement. The connection with the Treaty of Versailles is particularly noteworthy. Article 51 restored Alsace-Lorraine to France; Article 66 transferred to France the German Empire's rights over the former Imperial Alsace-Lorraine railway system and dealt specifically with frontier railway arrangements; and Article 65 established special arrangements concerning Strasbourg and Kehl, including railway facilities serving the port. The temporary joint port regime created by Article 65 should not be assumed to have remained directly applicable to this 1935 correspondence, but the presence of the French Alsace-Lorraine railway administration and its customs agency at Kehl forms part of the wider Franco-German frontier and railway settlement which followed Versailles. The cover is consequently of interest to Brief History not merely for its postage, but as a surviving postal document illustrating the long-term consequences of the 1919 peace settlement on the Franco-German frontier during the Third Reich period. Ref: 11.03.1935 - 24/61 11th March 1935 Versailles: Article 65 Registered cross-border commercial cover from the Chemins de fer d'Alsace et de Lorraine (AL) at Kehl to the Manufacture de Verre Optique V. Avril, Saverne (Bas-Rhin), France. The reverse bears the particularly significant handstamp “KEHL A.L. / Chem. de fer A.L. / Agence en Douane”, identifying the Kehl customs agency of the French Alsace-Lorraine railway administration. The organisation had been created in 1919 to administer the Alsace-Lorraine railway network following the territory's restoration to French sovereignty after the First World War. The cover therefore provides tangible evidence in 1935 of the continuing cross-border railway and customs relationship created by the post-war settlement. The connection with the Treaty of Versailles is particularly noteworthy. Article 51 restored Alsace-Lorraine to France; Article 66 transferred to France the German Empire's rights over the former Imperial Alsace-Lorraine railway system and dealt specifically with frontier railway arrangements; and Article 65 established special arrangements concerning Strasbourg and Kehl, including railway facilities serving the port. The temporary joint port regime created by Article 65 should not be assumed to have remained directly applicable to this 1935 correspondence, but the presence of the French Alsace-Lorraine railway administration and its customs agency at Kehl forms part of the wider Franco-German frontier and railway settlement which followed Versailles. The cover is consequently of interest to Brief History not merely for its postage, but as a surviving postal document illustrating the long-term consequences of the 1919 peace settlement on the Franco-German frontier during the Third Reich period. Ref: 11.03.1935 - 24/61 Link to Mi.410-422: German Presidents The Treaty of Versailles ARTICLE 65 Article 65 dealt specifically with the neighbouring Rhine ports of Strasbourg and Kehl. It required them to be operated as a single economic unit for seven years, administered by a French manager appointed by the Central Rhine Commission. Free zones were to be established in both ports, while equal treatment was guaranteed for the traffic, ships and goods of all countries. Importantly, the definition of the Port of Kehl included its railway installations, sidings, warehouses and other facilities needed for port traffic. The arrangement could subsequently be extended for up to three further years. Sources: Yale Law School, Avalon Project — full text of the Treaty of Versailles, Section V, Alsace-Lorraine. Article 51 restored Alsace-Lorraine to French sovereignty. Avalon Project Yale Law School – Treaty of Versailles, Alsace-Lorraine United States Department of State, Office of the Historian — official historical text of the Paris Peace Conference documents covering Articles 51–79 concerning Alsace-Lorraine. Office of the Historian US Department of State – Treaty provisions for Alsace-Lorraine Université de Perpignan, Digithèque MJP — text of Article 65, establishing the special Strasbourg–Kehl arrangement and specifically including the railway installations and train movements associated with Kehl harbour. MJP Université de Perpignan – Versailles Treaty, Article 65 Yale Law School, Avalon Project — Article 66, transferring to France the former German Imperial rights over the Alsace-Lorraine railways and addressing the Rhine frontier railway arrangements. Avalon Project Yale Law School – Versailles Treaty, Articles 65–66 Historical information on the Administration des chemins de fer d'Alsace et de Lorraine, established in 1919 and incorporated into SNCF in 1938. Wikipedia Administration des chemins de fer d'Alsace et de Lorraine Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Cover sent from Königstein to an address in Franzendorf bei Reichenberg (Franzendorf, now Františkov, a district of Liberec in the Czech Republic). Featuring Winter Olympic stamps Mi.600 and Mi.601. Also featuring a special Königstein cancel (ref: JB:Königstein(Sächs Schweiz)1/443). Ref: 24.03.1936 24th March 1936 Bochmann Königstein Cover sent from Königstein to an address in Franzendorf bei Reichenberg (Franzendorf, now Františkov, a district of Liberec in the Czech Republic). Featuring Winter Olympic stamps Mi.600 and Mi.601. Also featuring a special Königstein cancel (ref: JB:Königstein(Sächs Schweiz)1/443). Ref: 24.03.1936 KÖNIGSTEIN (Sächs Schweiz) cancellation as featured in the Bochmann catalogues (1952) JB:Königstein (Sächs Scheiz) 1/443. Ref: 24.03.1936 This cancellation was used from 1935 to 1939 (and with a minor postal designation addition, from 1950 to 1953). It was the only special cancellation for Königstein up to that period. Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

24th April 1946 24th April 1946 Sammlerverein Germania of Coblenz 24.04.1946 French Zone cover featuring various postage stamps. 24.04.1946 French Zone cover featuring various postage stamps. 24th April 1946 – Koblenz, French Occupation Zone. Registered philatelic cover posted at Koblenz 1 and franked with stamps of the French Occupation Zone General Issue. Of particular interest is the reverse of the cover, where a German inflation-period 40 Mark Workers stamp, Deutsches Reich Mi. 244a, has been affixed bearing the private black overprint “Sammlerverein GERMANIA Coblenz.” The overprint is specifically recorded by INFLA-Berlin on Mi. 244a and was produced for the Sammlerverein Germania of Coblenz, a collectors’ society documented from 1920 and reported to have had more than 380 members, with particular interests in Notgeld and organised exchange packets. Surviving correspondence from the society is known into 1927, although it has not presently been established when the organisation ceased to exist. The Mi. 244a attached to this 1946 cover had no postal validity and appears to have been deliberately retained and affixed for philatelic, commemorative or possibly sealing purposes. Its presence on a Koblenz cover more than twenty years after the stamp and overprint were produced is particularly interesting and may indicate a connection with the earlier Coblenz collecting community. However, there is presently insufficient evidence to establish that the Sammlerverein Germania itself was still operating in 1946, and this possibility should remain open pending further research into the sender and recipient. Ref: 24.04.1946 - 15/92 Link to Mi.238-245:Workers Sources: INFLA-Berlin, Infla-Berichte , Folge 80 — records the “Sammlerverein Germania in Coblenz” overprint in black on MiNr. 209a, 244a, 314 and 317. INFLA-Berlin – Infla-Berichte Folge 80 Geldscheine-Online, Werbescheine des Notgeld-Sammlervereins Germania in Coblenz — history of the society and discussion of its privately overprinted inflation stamps. Geldscheine-Online – Sammlerverein Germania Coblenz

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Commercial airmail cover sent by Johann Heinrich Poppe of Hamburg, a German firm associated with the paper trade, to A. R. Salehbhai & Co., Rajawongse Road, Bangkok, Siam. Contemporary commercial records identify A. R. Salehbhai & Co. as an Indian-owned importing concern in Bangkok, and the company can be traced in commercial records from at least 1917 and remained in business for many years afterwards. The cover therefore provides an attractive contemporary example of the extensive commercial connections linking Nazi Germany with Southeast Asia during the inter-war period, with a Hamburg trading concern corresponding directly with an established importer in the Siamese capital. It was dispatched by airmail, as indicated by the Mit Luftpost / Par Avion label, at a time when the country was still officially known internationally as Siam, three years before its change of name to Thailand in 1939. The mixed franking adds a second important element: alongside contemporary Third Reich stamps is the 3 Reichsmark Weimar-period definitive, providing another example of older Deutsche Reichspost issues remaining legitimately in postal use well into the National Socialist period. The cover therefore has relevance to Brief History in two complementary contexts: as an illustration of the prolonged postal life of the individual Weimar stamp, and, when shown in its entirety on the Siam page, as physical evidence of German commercial correspondence and long-distance airmail links with Bangkok in 1936. Ref: 24.03.1936 - 4/136 24th March 1936 Siam Commercial airmail cover sent by Johann Heinrich Poppe of Hamburg, a German firm associated with the paper trade, to A. R. Salehbhai & Co., Rajawongse Road, Bangkok, Siam. Contemporary commercial records identify A. R. Salehbhai & Co. as an Indian-owned importing concern in Bangkok, and the company can be traced in commercial records from at least 1917 and remained in business for many years afterwards. The cover therefore provides an attractive contemporary example of the extensive commercial connections linking Nazi Germany with Southeast Asia during the inter-war period, with a Hamburg trading concern corresponding directly with an established importer in the Siamese capital. It was dispatched by airmail, as indicated by the Mit Luftpost / Par Avion label, at a time when the country was still officially known internationally as Siam, three years before its change of name to Thailand in 1939. The mixed franking adds a second important element: alongside contemporary Third Reich stamps is the 3 Reichsmark Weimar-period definitive, providing another example of older Deutsche Reichspost issues remaining legitimately in postal use well into the National Socialist period. The cover therefore has relevance to Brief History in two complementary contexts: as an illustration of the prolonged postal life of the individual Weimar stamp, and, when shown in its entirety on the Siam page, as physical evidence of German commercial correspondence and long-distance airmail links with Bangkok in 1936. Ref: 24.03.1936 - 4/136 Link to Mi.364-367:Buildings Sources Historical overseas commercial directory — records A. R. Salehbhai & Co., Rajawongse Road, Bangkok, and identifies the business as an Indian commercial/importing concern. Historical commercial directory – A. R. Salehbhai & Co. Official commercial listing, 1917 — independently records A. R. Salehbhai & Co. in Bangkok, confirming that the company was established well before the 1936 cover. 1917 commercial listing – Bangkok Richard Frajola postal-history study — includes later postal evidence for A. R. Salehbhai & Co., 281 Rajawongse Road, Bangkok, demonstrating the firm's continued existence after the Second World War. Richard Frajola – Bangkok postal-history material Contemporary commercial reference — lists Johann Heinrich Poppe, Hamburg in connection with the paper trade. Commercial reference – Johann Heinrich Poppe

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Index Page Index Page Business & Aryanisation Commercial cover sent from Darmstadt to the Jewish owned Abeles G.m.b.H., cigarette and tobacco factory in Munich. Business & Aryanisation Directory A A.E.G. (Allgemeine Elektricitäts Gesellschaft), electrical equipment Abeles G.m.b.H ., cigarette and tobacco, Munich Walter Arlt , Radiohandel, Berlin Schöneberg - see 13.12.1945 B Baildonhütte , steel works, Kattowice Barmenia , insurance company, Leipzig - see 13.07.1938 Bayer AG , pharmaceuticals, Leverkusen "BP" - Deutsche Benzin- und Petroleum (British Petroleum), Munich BMW - Bayrische Motoren Werke C C&A , textile manufacturer and retailer, Cologne Cigaretten-Bilderdienst , publishing company, Hamburg D 'DARAG' - David Richter A.-G., textiles, war production machinery, Chemnitz Deutsche Milchwerke Dr. A. Sauer - 'Fissan' brand of milk protein products Dörgeloh & Lohmann , fruit importers, Bremen - see 05.02.1936 E 'Edeka' , supermarkets, Leipzig Walter Enderlein , Berlin - See 34/17 F Fattinger-Werke A-G. , toothpaste, Berlin Fokker , aircraft manufacturer, Amsterdam - See 18/49 Ford-Werke A.G. , car manufacturer, Köln - See 01.10.1947 - 17/68 Friedrich Boos - central heating & sanitary installations, Cologne (company involved with construction within the Auschwitz concentration camp) G Gebrüder Gidion , Zigarrenfabriken, Stuttgart 'Greek House' (Griechenhaus) , merchants building, Leipzig H Hagemann & Döpping , radio sales, Erfurt Verein Hamburger Export und Platzvertreter E.V. - See 05.04.1940 - 23/67 Hanns Kirchmann , tablefabrikate, Heimenkirch Hausser , O. & M., toys and games, Neustadt Elastolin - Scherenschnitte Heise & Bohm , commercial agents - cigarettes, (Aryanisation) Hoffmanns & Co., Dr., dental and household supplies, Bad Godesberg. Commercial postcard with message to customer regarding lack of staff and materials. Written in January 1942. - see 19/139 J Josef Leitner , steam ovens, Munich Justic, Fr. , chocolate confectionery wholesaler, Prague K KaDeWe (see text within 10.10.1936 Haus Vaterland) Karl Geiling , Master Saddler, Maßbach (and his purchase of the synagogue) M Messerschmitt , Aircraft and engineering, Augsburg - see 19/22 Mono-Werk , Camera manufacturer and wholesaler, Magdeburg N Naxos-Union , Grinding machines, Frankfurt a.M. (forced labour) Nestle , Swiss food manufacturer O Otto Dittmann , Headgear (brand 'Marke Odd' ), Dresden R Reemstsma , cigarette manufacturer, Hamburg Rhonheimer & Elkan , jute fabrics, Manheim (Aryanisation) Röhm Gesellschaft , Precision engineers, Zella-Mehlis - see 10.03.1939 - 22/91 S Saidschitzer Bitterwasse , Epsom Salts , Zaječice u Bečova Schocken AG , department store, Nuremberg (Aryanisation) Dr. Carl Soldan G.m.b.H., confectionery, Nuremberg Spreewerk GmbH , Armaments manufacturer (Italian internees from Stalag IV-C?) T Teerag -Asdag , construction, Vienna - see 27/98 Thyssen AG , steel manufacturers Thyssen-Rheinstahl AG - see 34/2 V 'VAUCEFA' , chemicals, Brandenburg. (Archive only - where?) Vereinigte Sauerstoffweke , liquid gas supplies, Straßburg - see 19/141 Voss , mass cooking appliances, Sarstedt, Hannover (forced labour) W Wayss & Freytag , Frankfurt a.M. (forced labour) - see 32/62 ' WEFRA' , advertising, Frankfurt a.M. Alfred Westphal , Rundfunk, Lübeck - see 13.12.1945 Z Luftschiffbau Zeppelin G.m.b.H. - see 29/72 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Official judicial cover from the Amtsgericht Kreuzburg O.S. (District Court of Kreuzburg, Upper Silesia), case 3 C 99/34, addressed to Firma Gebr. Gidion, Zigarrenfabriken, Mittelstraße 10a, Stuttgart. The printed instruction “Hierbei ein Formblatt zur Zustellungsurkunde – Vereinfachte Zustellung” indicates that the envelope accompanied documentation relating to the formal service of a legal document. The reverse bears the official seal of the Amtsgericht Kreuzburg incorporating contemporary German state symbolism. Kreuzburg O.S., then in German Upper Silesia, is present-day Kluczbork in Poland. The recipient, Gebrüder Gidion, was a Jewish-owned cigar-manufacturing concern founded by the brothers Jacob Gidion (born 1860) and Richard Gidion (1865–1927) at Nordstetten in 1889; the business moved to Stuttgart after the First World War. The cover is therefore an interesting surviving example of official German judicial correspondence addressed to a Jewish commercial concern during the first year following the Nazi seizure of power. No evidence has presently been found demonstrating that case 3 C 99/34 itself concerned anti-Jewish persecution or the later “Aryanisation” process, and no such connection should be assumed without further evidence. Philatelically, the cover is also significant for its use of the earlier Weimar-period 50 Pfennig Dienstmarke, Michel Mi. 111, which remained valid until 30th June 1934. Its use on this February 1934 cover occurred shortly after the introduction of the new Nazi-era official-stamp series on 18th January 1934 and illustrates the authorised exhaustion of existing stocks of the preceding official stamps. Ref: 27.02.1934 - 2/69 27th February 1934 Gebrüder Gidion Official judicial cover from the Amtsgericht Kreuzburg O.S. (District Court of Kreuzburg, Upper Silesia), case 3 C 99/34, addressed to Firma Gebr. Gidion, Zigarrenfabriken, Mittelstraße 10a, Stuttgart. The printed instruction “Hierbei ein Formblatt zur Zustellungsurkunde – Vereinfachte Zustellung” indicates that the envelope accompanied documentation relating to the formal service of a legal document. The reverse bears the official seal of the Amtsgericht Kreuzburg incorporating contemporary German state symbolism. Kreuzburg O.S., then in German Upper Silesia, is present-day Kluczbork in Poland. The recipient, Gebrüder Gidion, was a Jewish-owned cigar-manufacturing concern founded by the brothers Jacob Gidion (born 1860) and Richard Gidion (1865–1927) at Nordstetten in 1889; the business moved to Stuttgart after the First World War. The cover is therefore an interesting surviving example of official German judicial correspondence addressed to a Jewish commercial concern during the first year following the Nazi seizure of power. No evidence has presently been found demonstrating that case 3 C 99/34 itself concerned anti-Jewish persecution or the later “Aryanisation” process, and no such connection should be assumed without further evidence. Philatelically, the cover is also significant for its use of the earlier Weimar-period 50 Pfennig Dienstmarke, Michel Mi. 111, which remained valid until 30th June 1934. Its use on this February 1934 cover occurred shortly after the introduction of the new Nazi-era official-stamp series on 18th January 1934 and illustrates the authorised exhaustion of existing stocks of the preceding official stamps. Ref: 27.02.1934 - 2/69 Link to Mi.105-113: Official Sources: LEO-BW, Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg – Jewish life in Nordstetten; identifies the Jewish Gidion family and the brothers’ cigar factory. LEO-BW – Jewish life in Nordstetten Landesbildungsserver Baden-Württemberg – records that Jakob and Richard Gidion founded the cigar factory in 1889. Landesbildungsserver Baden-Württemberg – Gebrüder Gidion Alemannia Judaica – records Jacob and Richard Gidion as proprietors and states that the factory moved from Nordstetten to Stuttgart after the First World War. Alemannia Judaica – Jewish community of Nordstetten Deutsches Reich Dienstmarken reference – records 50 Pf Mi. 111 and its validity until 30th June 1934. Deutsches Reich – Dienstmarken catalogue information Reichspost issue information reproducing the January 1934 postal instructions concerning the new official stamps and exhaustion of existing stocks. 1934 Reichspost Dienstmarken issue information Historical record of the Amtsgericht Kreuzburg O.S., including its position within the German judicial system and its termination following the transfer of the area to Polish administration in 1945. Amtsgericht Kreuzburg O.S. – historical information

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Feldpost R & V-Label variations Feldpost R & V-Label variations Feldpost R-Label variations Example of registered feldpost mail with Feldpost Office identification number (335) being incorporated by way of the feldpost cancel. Ref: 25.02.1943, MFP24/139 Registered mail labels as used within the German feldpost system (and beyond). Basic R-Label with hand-stamped identification number (865). Ref: 14.09.1942, MFP1/133 'Feldpost' imprint with hand-stamped Kenn-Nr. Ref:29.06.1944 - 1/99 Feldpost office Identification number (335) by way of feldpost cancellation. Ref:25.02.1943, MFP24/139 'Deutsche Feldpost' printed text with hand-stamp feldpost office number (740). Ref: 16.06.1943, MFP51/140 Use of feldpost R-label in the Reichspost Lesser seen use of Feldpost R-label in the Reichspost with 'Feldpost' being over-stamped with 'Neuglobsow'. Ref: 06.09.1944, MFP182/146 R-label - Saalhausen - see 34/85 Post-War usage of feldpost R-label Post-war use of R-Label in Buchholz (hand stamped '10 Buchholz'). Ref: 28.01.1946 - 10/71 Post-war use of R-Label in Chemnitz (hand stamped 'Chnz 25'). Ref: 19.02.1946 - 10/42 Post-war use of R-Label in Frankfurt a.M. (hand stamp 'Frankfurt (Main) 2'). Ref: 20.04.1946 - 10/15 Post-war use of R-Label in Hamburg (manuscript 'Ham 46'). Ref: 12.04.1946 - ? Post-war use of R-Label in Hamm (hand stamp 'Hamm (Sieg)'). See 08.01.1947 - 15/95 Post-war use of R-Label in Mayen (hand stamp 'Mayen'). Ref: 12.04.1946 - 15/14 Post-war use of R-Label in Oldenburg (Holst) (hand-stamp 'Oldenburg') on Kriegsmarine envelope. See 27/75 Post-war use of R-Label in Schlüchtern (hand-stamp 'Schlüchtern'). Ref: 01.03.1946 - 16/3 (Link) Post-war use of naval R-Label in Wesermünde (hand stamp 'Wesermünde-Wulsdorf'). From Oct.1942 the navy used roman numerals on registered mail to disguise its postal origin. Ref: 18.05.1946 - 15/32 Valeur mail labels as used within the German feldpost system (and beyond) Post-war use of V-Label in Frankenberg (manuscript 'Frankenberg Sachs'). Ref: 05.04.1948 - 10/53 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

1st March 1946 1st March 1946 Feldpost: Schlüchtern Cover featuring re-purposed Feldpost R-label and postage stamp (Mi.280) first issued in 1923. Cover featuring re-purposed Feldpost R-label and postage stamp (Mi.280) first issued in 1923. 1st March 1946 – Schlüchtern to Berlin-Zehlendorf. Registered civilian cover sent by Heinz Schneider, Bauingenieur (civil/construction engineer), Schlüchtern, to Richard Röschard, Seehofstraße 51, Berlin-Zehlendorf. The cover carries a multiple franking of the first Allied Control Council “Deutsche Post” numeral issue, comprising four 12 Pf red stamps, apparently Mi. 919, and four 10 Pf brown stamps, Mi. 918, giving a total franking of 88 Pfennig. Of particular postal-historical interest is the registration label: this is a surviving wartime Feldpost R-label, numbered 554, which has been adapted for post-war civilian use by overprinting/hand-stamping “Schlüchtern” over the Feldpost designation. Such reuse illustrates the shortages and improvisation affecting the re-established German postal service during the immediate post-war period. The date is additionally significant because 1st March 1946 marked the introduction of a new domestic postal-rate period. The precise composition of the 88 Pfennig rate should be checked against the weight/class of the registered item before assigning a definitive rate explanation. To the reverse, a postage stamp (Mi.280) has been used to seal the flap. the stamp was first issued in 1923. Ref: 01.03.1946 - 16/3 Link to Feldpost R-label variations Link to Mi.277-296: Overprinted issues Sources: First Allied Control Council numeral issue — catalogue information confirming the 10 Pf Mi. 918 and the 1946 numeral series. German Allied occupation numeral issues . 12 Pf Mi. 919 — issue information recording the red 12 Pf value and its February 1946 introduction. Mi. 919 – 12 Pf Kontrollratsausgabe . German postal-history reference recording the postal-rate change of 1st March 1946. Postal history of Germany in 1946 .

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