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Official postcard of the Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen depicting the cruise ship 'General von Steuben'. Ref: 16.09.1934 SS General von Steuben was a German passenger liner and later an armed transport ship of the German Navy that was sunk in the Baltic Sea during World War II. She was launched in 1923 as München (after the German city, sometimes spelled Muenchen), renamed General von Steuben in 1930 (after the famous German officer of the American Revolutionary War), and renamed Steuben in 1938. During World War II, the ship served as a troop accommodation vessel, and from 1944 as an armed transport. On 10th February 1945, while evacuating German military personnel, wounded soldiers, and civilian refugees during Operation Hannibal, the ship was torpedoed by the Soviet submarine S-13 and sank. An estimated 4,000 people lost their lives in the sinking. Source: Wikipedia 16th September 1934 Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen 1/1 Official postcard of the Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen depicting the cruise ship 'General von Steuben'. Ref: 16.09.1934 SS General von Steuben was a German passenger liner and later an armed transport ship of the German Navy that was sunk in the Baltic Sea during World War II. She was launched in 1923 as München (after the German city, sometimes spelled Muenchen), renamed General von Steuben in 1930 (after the famous German officer of the American Revolutionary War), and renamed Steuben in 1938. During World War II, the ship served as a troop accommodation vessel, and from 1944 as an armed transport. On 10th February 1945, while evacuating German military personnel, wounded soldiers, and civilian refugees during Operation Hannibal, the ship was torpedoed by the Soviet submarine S-13 and sank. An estimated 4,000 people lost their lives in the sinking. Source: Wikipedia NORDDEUTSCHER LLOYD BREMEN Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL) was a German shipping company. It was founded by Hermann Henrich Meier and Eduard Crüsemann in Bremen on 20th February 1857. It developed into one of the most important German shipping companies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was instrumental in the economic development of Bremen and Bremerhaven. On 1st September 1970, the company merged with Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) to form Hapag-Lloyd AG. From 1928 to 1939, the volume of passengers travelling between the US and Europe declined sharply. In 1928, the NDL transported about 8% of a passenger volume of 1,168,414 passengers; in 1932, 16.2% of the 751,592 passengers transported; in 1938, around 11% of 685,655 passengers. In addition, there was significant new competition from new Italian, French and British superliners: the Italian Rex (51,062 GRT) and Conte di Savoia (48,502 GRT), the French Normandie (79,280 GRT), and the British Queen Mary (80,744 GRT). Postal stationery of the NDL Bremen with 25 Pf Hindenburg medallion tied with the cancellation of the SS Bremen. Ref: 13.11.1933 The 1929 economic crisis which began in the US affected the German shipping companies. The NDL and the HAPAG therefore entered into a cooperation agreement in 1930, and beginning in 1935, instituted joint operations in the North Atlantic. The first signs of a merger were visible. By 1932, the NDL was in an economic crisis, with about 5,000 employees let go, salary cuts, and red ink. Glässel was dismissed. The government placed both NDL and HAPAG in trusteeship under Siegfried von Roedern, and following the death of Stimming, Heinrich F. Albert briefly became head of the NDL, followed after some eighteen months by the National Socialist Rudolph Firle. Bremen State Councillor Karl Lindemann was chairman of the board from 1933 to 1945. A programme of economic recovery by divestments and restructuring was initiated. HBAL and the Roland Line became independent companies once more, and other lines took over services to Africa and the Mediterranean. The Nazi regime ordered both NDL and HAPAG to relinquish ships to other lines which were to operate in their regions without competition from other German companies, in particular to Hamburg Süd, the Deutsche Afrika-Linien and the Deutsche Levante Linie. In 1935, the Scharnhorst , Gneisenau , and Potsdam , each with about 18,000 GRT, were placed in service for the Far East. The modernisation of the fleet continued and in 1937 the line made modest profits. In 1939 the Erlangen slipped out of Lyttelton Harbour (New Zealand) on 28th August, on the eve of World War II, ostensibly for Port Kembla, New South Wales, where she was to have filled her coal bunkers for the homeward passage to Europe. She then headed for the subantarctic Auckland Islands, where she successfully evaded the cruiser HMNZS Leander , and re-stocked with food and wood. The freighter then made a desperate and successful escape, using jury-rigged sails, to Valparaíso, Chile, in South America. She then made her way into the South Atlantic where, on 24th July 1941, she was intercepted off Montevideo by HMS Newcastle and scuttled by her crew. In 1939 NDL had in service 70 vessels with a total of 562,371 GRT, including the sail training vessel Kommodore Johnsen (now the Russian STS Sedov ), 3 daytrip ships, 19 tugs and 125 small ships, and employed 12,255, 8,811 on vessels. Nine further freighters were completed after the outbreak of World War II. This entire fleet was either lost during the war or awarded to the Allies as reparations. Columbus had to be sunk in 1939; Bremen burned in 1941; Steuben was sunk in the Baltic in 1945 with the loss of some 4,000 lives; Europa , claimed by France, became the Liberté in 1947. The Reich was the primary stockholder in the company, but in 1941/42, NDL was once more privatised and cigarette manufacturer Philipp Reemtsma became primary stockholder. Dr. Johannes Kulenkampff, a board member since 1932, and Richard Bertram, a board member since 1937, became Chairman in 1942. At the end of World War II the company's headquarters (which had in any case been sold in 1942) had been severely damaged by bombing and all its large vessels either destroyed or seized. It was left with only the freighter Bogotá , which was in Japan. Relicensed by the American military administration on 29th November 1945 as a 'coastal shipping and stevedoring company', it started again, as after World War I, practically from zero, offering tugboat and day-tripper services. Source: Wikipedia Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

16th July 1937 Tag der Deutschen Kunst 1937 16th July 1937 Tag der Deutschen Kunst 1937 16.07.1937 reverse.jpeg 16.07.1937 reverse.jpeg 1/1 Official postcard commemorating the Day of German Art. Published by Photo-Hoffmann, München. Featuring cancellation JB:Munich98/554. Ref: 16.07.1937 Tag der Deutschen Kunst 1937 Link to an on-line article explaining the Tag der Deutschen Kunst 1937 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

19th September 1942 JB: Bernkastel 1/0

Winterhilfewerk d.Deutsche Volkes postcards 1933/34 Winterhilfewerk d.Deutsche Volkes postcards 1933/34 1/1 Winterhilfswerke d.Deutschen Volkes 1933/34 Index of postcards Unsere Marine in Krieg und Frieden Our navy in war and peace (no series number) SMS Franfurt (see 17/79) SMS Magdeburg (see 17/79) SMS Brummer (see 17/79) Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

ENTERTAINMENT ENTERTAINMENT 1/1 ENTERTAINMENT DIRECTORY Cabaret, Theatre, Variety, Circus & Fair A B C D E F G H I J K Krupp , Gertl & Scholz , Inge - the unrivalled female impersonators - see 27/46 L Liliput - Schaefer's Märchenstadt 'Liliput' Berlin - see 26.05.1942 M N O P Palmgarten-Betriebe - Tanz-Cabarett, Manheim - see 27/4 Q R Rose & Red - 'a fresh and cheerful affair, featuring tap dancing and all sorts of dance-acrobatic antics' - advertising card for shows at the Scala-Variete, Frankfurt, and Astoria-Tivoly, Bremerhaven. See 27/96 S T U V W X Y Z Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA 1/1 PROPAGANDA Postcards, correspondence, vignettes and labels featuring anti-British, anti-German, anti-Jewish and anti-Soviet propaganda. Anti-British Anti-German Anti-Jewish Anti-Soviet Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

14th April 1935 1/1 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Cover sent from Giessen (?) to an address in Berlin. Featuring a margin sequence (S119) from the Hindenburg 1934 stamp booklet (H-pane 82) created from booklet sheet MHB 35. Ref: 27.02.1935 - 17/55 Hindenburg Booklet (April 1934) 1/1 Cover sent from Giessen (?) to an address in Berlin. Featuring a margin sequence (S119) from the Hindenburg 1934 stamp booklet (H-pane 82) created from booklet sheet MHB 35. Ref: 27.02.1935 - 17/55 Fridericus 1933 , Hindenburg 1933 , Wagner 1933 , Hindenburg 1934 , Professions 1934 , Folk Costumes 1935 , Olympic Games 1936 , Hindenburg 1936/37 , Modern Buildings 1936 , Hindenburg 1937/39 , Ships 1937 , Ostmark 1938 , Hindenburg 1939 , Buildings 1939 , Hindenburg 1940/41 , Buildings 1940 , Adolf Hitler 1941 See 08.04.1934 - 24/10 (H-pane 83 - entire margin with staple holes. With upper 6Pf only). Early use. Margin sequence S119 from the Hindenburg 1934 stamp booklet (H-pane 82) derived from booklet sheet MHB 35. Ref: 27.02.1935 - 17/55 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Postcard depicting a group of young boys upon a jetty. They asppear to be members of the Deutsches Jungvolk (aged between 10 - 13) in both summer and winter uniforms. Ref: 26.02.1935 26th February 1935 Deutsches Jungvolk 1/1 Postcard depicting a group of young boys upon a jetty. They asppear to be members of the Deutsches Jungvolk (aged between 10 - 13) in both summer and winter uniforms. Ref: 26.02.1935 Deutsches Jungvolk The Deutsches Jungvolk in der Hitlerjugend ; DJ, also DJV; German for "'German Youngsters in the Hitler Youth' or "German Young People', was the separate section for boys aged 10 to 13 of the Hitler Youth organisation in Nazi Germany. Through a programme of outdoor activities, parades and sports, it aimed to indoctrinate its young members in the tenets of Nazi ideology. Membership became fully compulsory for eligible boys in 1939. By the end of World War II, some had become child soldiers. After the end of the war in 1945, both the Deutsches Jungvolk and its parent organization, the Hitler Youth, ceased to exist. The Deutsches Jungvolk was founded in 1928 by Kurt Gruber under the title Jungmannschaften ('Youth Teams'), but it was renamed Knabenschaft in December 1928 and became the Deutsches Jungvolk in der Hitlerjugend in March 1931. Both the Deutsches Jungvolk (DJ or DJV) and Hitler Youth (HJ) modelled parts of their uniforms and programmes on those of the German Scouting associations and of other youth groups,[3] which were banned by the Nazi government during 1933 and 1934.[4] Following the enactment of the Law on the Hitler Youth on 1 December 1936,[5] boys had to be registered with the Reich Youth Office in the March of the year in which they would reach the age of ten; those who were found to be racially acceptable were expected to join the DJ. Although not compulsory, the failure of eligible boys to join the DJ was seen as a failure of civic responsibility on the part of their parents.[2] The regulations were tightened further on 25 March 1939 by the Second Execution Order to the Law on the Hitler Youth ("Youth Service Regulation"), which made membership of the DJ or Hitler Youth mandatory for all Germans between 10 and 18 years of age. Parents could be fined or imprisoned for failing to register their children. Boys were excluded if they had previously been found guilty of "dishonourable acts", if they were found to be "unfit for service" for medical reasons, or if they were Jewish. Ethnic Poles or Danes living in the Reich (this was before the outbreak of World War II) could apply for exemption, but were not excluded.[6] In spite of its recruits' early age, the Jungvolk had an intensely political role. In 1938, the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler described enrollment from childhood in organisations associated with his party as an important part of indoctrinating young Germans with the regime's worldview: These boys and girls enter our organizations with their ten years of age, and often for the first time get a little fresh air; after four years of the Young Folk they go on to the Hitler Youth, where we have them for another four years … And even if they are still not complete National Socialists, they go to Labor Service and are smoothed out there for another six, seven months … And whatever class consciousness or social status might still be left … the Wehrmacht will take care of that.[7] The DJ and HJ copied many of the activities of the various German youth organizations that they replaced. For many boys, the DJ was the only way to participate in sports, camping, and hiking.[8] However, the main purpose of the DJ was the inculcation of boys in the political principles of National Socialism. Members were obliged to attend Nazi Party rallies and parades. On a weekly basis, there was the Heimabende , a Wednesday evening meeting for political, racial, and ideological indoctrination. Boys were encouraged to inform the authorities if their parents' beliefs were contrary to Nazi dogma.[9] Once Germany was at war, basic pre-military preparation increased; by the end of 1940, DJ members were required to be trained in target shooting with small-bore rifles and to take part in "terrain manoeuvres".[10] Recruits were called Pimpfe , a colloquial word from Upper German for "boy", "little rascal", "scamp", or "rapscallion" (originally "little fart").[11][12] Groups of 10 boys were called a Jungenschaft , with leaders chosen from the older boys; four of these formed a unit called a Jungzug . These units were further grouped into companies and battalions, each with their own leaders, who were usually young adults.[2] Der Pimpf , the Nazi magazine for boys, was particularly aimed at those in the Deutsches Jungvolk , with adventure and propaganda.[13] Recruits were required to swear a version of the Hitler oath: "In the presence of this blood banner which represents our Führer, I swear to devote all my energies and my strength to the savior of our country, Adolf Hitler. I am willing and ready to give up my life for him, so help me God."[14] The DJ uniform was very similar to the Hitler Youth equivalent. The summer uniform consisted of a black shorts and tan shirt with pockets, worn with a rolled black neckerchief secured with a woggle, usually tucked under the collar.[15] Headgear originally consisted of a beret, but when this was discarded by the HY in 1934, the DJ adopted a side cap with coloured piping which denoted their unit.[16] The emblem of the DJ was a white Sieg rune on a black background, which symbolised "victory".[17] This was worn on the uniform in the form of a cloth badge, sewn onto the upper-left sleeve of the shirt.[18] In addition to their pre-military training, the DJ contributed to the German war effort by collecting recyclable materials such as paper and scrap metal, and by acting as messengers for the civil defence organisations. By 1944, the Hitler Youth formed part of the Volkssturm , an unpaid, part-time militia, and often formed special HJ companies within Volkssturm battalions. In theory, service in the Volkssturm was limited to boys over 16 years of age, however much younger boys, including Jungvolk members, often volunteered or were coerced into serving in these units; even joining the "Tank Close-Combat Squads", which were expected to attack enemy tanks with hand-held weapons.[19] Eyewitness reports of the Battle of Berlin in April 1945 record instances of young boys fighting in their DJ uniforms, complete with short trousers.[20] Adolf Hitler's last public appearance was on 20 April 1945, when he presented Iron Crosses to defenders of Berlin, including several boys, some as young as twelve years old.[21] With the surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945, the organization de facto ceased to exist. On 10 October 1945, it was outlawed. Source: Wikipedia Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Mi.16-35 (18.08.1945-17.01.1946) German Printing Mi.16-35 (18.08.1945-17.01.1946) German Printing 1/0 Links to Bizone - American - German - English Allied Occupation (American and British Zone) Mi.16 - 35 issued 18th August 1945 - 17th January 1946 German Printing Allied Military Post 6 Pf - Mi.20 (Ref: 31.10.1945) Allied Military Post 20 Pf - Mi.26 (Ref: 20.04.1946) Allied Military Post 40 Pf - Mi.30 (Ref: 20.04.1946) Allied Military Post 42 Pf - Mi.31 (Ref: 12.04.1946)

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Mi.826 - 827 (Dec 1942) Hitler head definitives 07.11.1944 Mi.827 reverse.jpeg 07.11.1944 Mi.827 reverse.jpeg 1/1 Registered mail cover sent from Hildesheim to an address in Pobershau. Featuring a strip of two Mi.827 (complete with sheet number 03464 to the margin). Ref: 07.11.1944 Mi.826 -827 Hitler head definitives by letterpress (also see Mi.787-788) Mi.827 (with sheet number at the margin). Ref: 07.11.1944 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page