4th July 1946 4th July 1946 Mi.64 Mi.65 Mi.11 Cover sent from Halle to Switzerland featuring various stamps (42+8 = Mi.89A, 6pf =Mi.64, 12pf = Mi.65, and 4pf =Mi.11 English printing). Ref: 04.07.1946 - 10/68

24th June 1946 Deutscher Dentisten 24th June 1946 Reichsverband Deutscher Dentisten Postal stationery sent from a dentist in Baden-Baden with recognition of being a member of the Reichsverband Deutscher Dentisten. Ref: 24.06.1946 - 16/74 Reichsverband Deutscher Dentisten ( Reich Association of German Dentists) Soon after the constitution of the North German Confederation (1861–1871) came into force on 16th April 1867, the first licensing regulations called 'Announcement concerning the examination of doctors, dentists, veterinarians and pharmacists' were issued in accordance with Section 29 of the Trade Regulations for the North German Confederation in 1869. In 1872, it also became legally effective for the newly founded German Empire, according to which anyone was allowed to treat sick people without proof of appropriate training. Unlicensed medical practitioners soon began to change the job title 'dental artist' to 'dentist'. For unlicensed dental practitioners, dentists in turn suggested the (derogatory) job titles 'dental worker' or 'denture worker'. With regard to the job title dentist , they indignantly referred to the Romansh and Anglo-Saxon usage, according to which the terms 'dentiste' and 'dentist' referred to a licensed dentist. However, a sworn expert on foreign languages came to the following conclusion in a court report in 1907: 'The meaning of the word 'dentist' can be broken down into two parts, depending on what it is composed of: dens = tooth and the suffix 'ist'. The same suffix is used in many words for people who practice some kind of occupation, business, art, etc., for example ars = art, artist = artist, one who practices the arts. It is obvious that such terms do not contain any title, but rather the term 'dentist' is to be understood as a person who treats teeth, so that the term 'dental artist, dental technician' would mean the same thing as 'dentist'. So the person who calls himself a dentist is a dental technician who practices a free trade and who does not claim a title and is not entitled to one. Those who claim and are entitled to the title and who have passed an exam are dentists or, depending on their university education, doctors of dental practice. Therefore, neither foreigners nor nationals can confuse a dentist with a dental practitioner.' In 1908, the 'Association of German Dental Artists' changed its name to the 'Association of Dentists in the German Empire' (VDDR). In the following years, the term 'dentist' found its way into official language - despite protests from dentists. In 1910, training to become a dentist in Germany took at least six years. Three of these years were spent with a dentist, and one year was spent training in prosthetics , primarily with a dentist. This was followed by four semesters of training at a dental training institute, with a final examination. Licensed medical professionals were authorised to teach at dental training institutes. In 1920, dental training was recognised by the state. After completing the state dental examination, graduates were 'state-certified dentists'. They did not receive a license to practice. During the Nazi era, SA-Oberführer Fritz Blumenstein (1898–1993) was the Reich's Dentist Leader and from 1940 head of the Statutory Health Insurance Dentists' Association of Germany. During the Third Reich, the 'Reich Association of German Dentists' showed a great willingness to serve the Nazi regime in terms of professional politics in order to defend the market position of dental practitioners (which was contested by the organised dental profession). In 1949, the dualism between dentists and dentists came to an end in the Soviet occupation zone (Leipzig Agreement). The legal basis was the 'Order on the Licensing of Dentists of March 2, 1949' , which was issued by the Health Department of the German Economic Commission. The order stipulated that dentists would be accepted into the dental profession or prepared for an abbreviated university course after an appropriate period of training, which was based on the length of their practice. Source: Wikipedia.de Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

29th March 1946 29th March 1946 Loschwitz Horst Kempe 40pf 'Horst Kempe' cover featuring a variety of stamps (1pf Mi.911, 5pf Mi.915, 30pf Mi.928 and 40pf Mi.50G). Expertised. Ref: 29.03.1946 - 10/61 Expertisation stamp 'STRÖH BPP/ G' to lower right edge on the reverse of the envelope

19th April 1946 Karl Liebknecht 19th April 1946 Karl Liebknecht Postcard (franked but not posted) depicting Karl Liebknecht, a founder member of the Communist Party of Germany in 1918, and later murdered with Rosa Luxemburg on 15th January 1919. Karl Liebknecht (1871-1919) and the KPD From Wikipedia: Karl Liebknecht , German socialist and anti-militarist. A member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) beginning in 1900, he was one of its deputies in the Reichstag from 1912 to 1916, where he represented the left-revolutionary wing of the party. In 1916 he was expelled from the SPD's parliamentary group for his opposition to the political truce between all parties in the Reichstag while the war lasted. He twice spent time in prison, first for writing an anti-militarism pamphlet in 1907 and then for his role in a 1916 antiwar demonstration. He was released from the second under a general amnesty three weeks before the end of the First World War. During the November Revolution that broke out across Germany in the final days of the war, Liebknecht proclaimed Germany a 'Free Socialist Republic' from the Berlin Palace on 9th November 1918. On 11th November, together with Rosa Luxemburg and others he founded the Spartacist League. In December, his call to make Germany a soviet republic was rejected by the majority of the Reich Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils ( Reichsrätekongress ). At the end of 1918, Liebknecht was one of the founders of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). Shortly after the suppression of the Spartacist uprising in which he played a leading role, he and Rosa Luxemburg were killed by members of the Guard Cavalry Rifle Division after they had consulted with Gustav Noske, who was a member of the Council of the People's Deputies, Germany's interim government, and had responsibility for military affairs. Although two of the men directly involved in the murders were prosecuted, no one responsible for ordering their deaths was ever brought to trial. Mi.229 (Soviet Zone) issued 15th January 1949 to commemorate the anniversary of the deaths of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg. Ref: Album After their deaths, both Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg became martyrs for the socialist cause in Germany and throughout Europe. Commemoration of the two continues to play an important role among the German left to this day. Communist Party of Germany (KPD) From Wikipedia: The Communist Party of Germany was a major far-left political party in the Weimar Republic during the interwar period, an underground resistance movement in Nazi Germany, and a minor party in West Germany during the postwar period until it was banned by the Federal Constitutional Court in 1956. Founded in the aftermath of the First World War by socialists who had opposed the war, the party joined the Spartacist uprising of January 1919, which sought to establish a soviet republic in Germany. After the defeat of the uprising, and the murder of KPD leaders Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht and Leo Jogiches, the party temporarily steered a more moderate, parliamentarian course under the leadership of Paul Levi. During the Weimar Republic period, the KPD usually polled between 10 and 15 percent of the vote and was represented in the national Reichstag and in state parliaments. Under the leadership of Ernst Thälmann from 1925 the party became thoroughly Stalinist and loyal to the leadership of the Soviet Union, and from 1928 it was largely controlled and funded by the Comintern in Moscow. Under Thälmann's leadership the party directed most of its attacks against the Social Democratic Party of Germany, which it regarded as its main adversary and referred to as 'social fascists'; the KPD considered all other parties in the Weimar Republic to be 'fascists'. (Also see: https://www.briefhistory.co.uk/1933/wahlkampf-1932 ) The KPD was banned in the Weimar Republic one day after the Nazi Party emerged triumphant in the German elections in 1933. It maintained an underground in Nazi Germany, and the KPD and groups associated with it led the internal resistance to the Nazi regime, with a focus on distributing anti-Nazi literature. The KPD suffered heavy losses between 1933 and 1939, with 30,000 communists executed and 150,000 sent to Nazi concentration camps. Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Mi.138-149 (07-28.01.1946) Mi.138-149 (07-28.01.1946) Mi.138-149 Peoples Solidarity Volkssolidaritat Cover displaying a full set of 'Volkssolidarität' stamps (Soviet Zone - West Saxony. Mi.138-Mi.149). Ref: 28.02.1946 - 10/32 'Volkssolidarität' (Peoples Solidarity) Mi.138. Ref: 28.02.1946 - 10/32 'Volkssolidarität' (Peoples Solidarity) Mi.139. Ref: 28.02.1946 - 10/32 'Volkssolidarität' (Peoples Solidarity) Mi.140. Ref: 28.02.1946 - 10/32 'Volkssolidarität' (Peoples Solidarity) Mi.141. Ref: 28.02.1946 - 10/32 'Volkssolidarität' (Peoples Solidarity) Mi.142. Ref: 28.02.1946 - 10/32 'Volkssolidarität' (Peoples Solidarity) Mi.143. Ref: 28.02.1946 - 10/32 'Volkssolidarität' (Peoples Solidarity) Mi.144. Ref: 28.02.1946 - 10/32 'Volkssolidarität' (Peoples Solidarity) Mi.145. Ref: 28.02.1946 - 10/32 'Volkssolidarität' (Peoples Solidarity) Mi.146. Ref: 28.02.1946 - 10/32 'Volkssolidarität' (Peoples Solidarity) Mi.147. Ref: 28.02.1946 - 10/32 'Volkssolidarität' (Peoples Solidarity) Mi.148. Ref: 28.02.1946 - 10/32 'Volkssolidarität' (Peoples Solidarity) Mi.149. Ref: 28.02.1946 - 10/32

10th June 1946 Joint Zone Mi.P953 10th June 1946 Joint Zone Mi.P953 Official Joint Occupation Zone 12 Pf postcard (Mi.P953) first issued in April 1946 as a result of the postal rate increase on the 1st March 1946. Featuring postage stamps Mi.87-89 issued on19th January 1946 in aid of the reconstruction of Saxony. The correspondence reads, 'Dear club friend, Today I sent another item, Prov. Saxony complete on 3 covers to your address. Could you send me Pax 1945 on letter?'. Ref: 10.06.1946 - 15/90 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

31st March 1946 Last day of validity 31st March 1946 Volkssolidaritat last day of use Cover sent from Dresden, featuring stamps: 12 Pf (Mi.63), and the 3 Pf and 8 Pf (Mi.138 & 142) from the Volkssolidarität issue of January 1946, that remained valid until 31st March 1946 (tolerated until 31st October 1946). These stamps therefore represent the official last day of their validity. Ref: 31.03.1946 - 15/33 ADD POSTCARD 17/78 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

9th December 1946 9th December 1946 Willi Van Haarlen Commercial postcard from stamp dealer Willi Van Haaren in Frankfurt to a client in Stuttgart. Featuring postage stamps Mi.912 and Mi.918. Ref: 09.12.1945 - 13/107 Contact Brief History to inform us of additonal information regarding this page

11th July 1946 11th July 1946 Georg Langer Commercial postcard sent from 'Georg Langer - Briefmarken - Versand' in Ahrensburg to a client in Vienenburg. Featuring postage stamp Mi.912. Ref: 11.07.1946 - 13/11 Contact Brief History to inform us of additonal information regarding this page

16th March 1946 16th March 1946 Horst Kempe definitives 'Horst Kempe' cover featuring a variety of stamps (5pf Mi.915, 6pf Mi.916, 8pf Mi.917, 40pf Mi.929, and 25pf Mi.49G). Ref: 16.03.1946 -10/60

26th February 1946 Soviet Zone Mi.P16 26th February 1946 Soviet Zone Mi.P16 Official Soviet Zone 5 Pf postal stationery (Mi.P16 - imprint 'C154 L301'). Featuring various Soviet Zone (West Saxony) postage stamps (5 Pf - Mi.140, 6 Pf - Mi.141, 20 Pf - Mi.126. Ref: 26.02.1946 - 15/81, MPS431 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

27th February 1946 'Permission 69' 27th February 1946 German Commercial Permission 69 Commercial cover (re-used) sent from the Naxos-Union grinding machine company in Frankfurt. Featuring a red hand-stamp stating 'GERMAN/ COMMERCIAL/ Permission 69'. The envelope appears to have been examined by the 'D.R.P.' (Deutsche Reichspost), using small red labels to re-seal the opening. Ref: 27.03.1946 - 17/36 Detail of hand-stamp. NAXOS-UNION The Naxos Union in Frankfurt am Main was one of the first manufacturers of grinding machines. The owner was the Dr. Arthur Pfungst Foundation . The first locations were the abrasives factory on Wittelsbacherallee in the Ostend district and the machine factory on Wächtersbacher Strasse in Frankfurt-Fechenheim. In particular, the combination of abrasives and grinding machine production made the Naxos Union unique. Its crankshaft grinding machines are still used in many automobile factories today. In the 1980s , the Naxos Union was converted into a stock corporation and sold to the Rothenberger Group in Frankfurt. This also included the Diskus grinding machine factory and the Pittler Maschinenfabrik AG company in Langen. After the death of Julius Pfungst in 1899, the company was continued jointly by his son Arthur Pfungst and daughter Marie Eleonore Pfungst as well as his widow Rosette. After the death of Arthur Pfungst in 1912, Marie Eleonore Pfungst took over management. In 1918, the factory was converted into the Dr. Arthur Pfungst Foundation. The Naxos-Union abrasives and grinding machine factory recovered quickly after the end of the war and became a global company. After the Nuremberg Laws came into force in 1935, Marie Eleonore Pfungst handed over the management of the factory and the chairmanship of the foundation to Dr. Rudolf Herbst. She was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in 1942, where she died six months later. From 1942 to 1944, more than 700 citizens of other European countries were forced to do forced labour for the Naxos Union. Their further fate has remained largely unknown. Source: Wikipedia Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page