Mi.10-15 (28.08-19.09 1945) English Printing Mi.10-15 (28.08-19.09 1945) English Printing 1/0 Links to Bizone - American - German - English Allied Occupation (American and British Zone) Mi.10 - 15 issued 28th August - 19th September 1945 English Printing Mi.11 (issued 14th September 1945). Ref: 04.07.1946 - 10/68

Mi.1 - 16 (12.06 - 09.1945) Görlitz Mi.1 - 16 (12.06 - 09.1945) Görlitz 01.09.1945 Gorlitz Mi.10a reverse.jpeg 01.09.1945 Gorlitz Mi.10a reverse.jpeg 1/1 Repurposed feldpost card sent from Görlitz to Berlin. Featuring Stadt Görlitz local issue 6 Pf (Mi.10a). Ref: 01.09.1945 Görlitz Local Issues (12th June 1945 - End of September 1945) Definitive stamps (12th June 1945) Mi.1 - Mi.4 Definitive stamps (mid-August 1945) Mi.5 - Mi.8 Definitive stamps (mid-August 1945) Mi.9 - Mi.12 Mi.10a. Ref: 01.09.1945 Definitive stamps (end of September 1945) Mi.13 - Mi.16 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Postcard depicting Frauentorgraben (a main road in Nuremberg) with the hotel 'Der Deutsche Hof' to the left. Ref: 12.09.1938 - 28/45 12th September 1938 'Der Deutsche Hof' 1/1 Postcard depicting Frauentorgraben (a main road in Nuremberg) with the hotel 'Der Deutsche Hof' to the left. Ref: 12.09.1938 - 28/45 'Der Deutsche Hof' Frauentorgraben, Nuremberg The Deutscher Hof, built between 1912 and 1913 on Nuremberg’s Frauentorgraben. Adolf Hitler officially chose the Deutscher Hof as his personal 'headquarters' from 1933. His frequent presence – he resided at the Hotel Deutscher Hof on every visit to Nuremberg starting in 1920 – is indirectly owed to the Lehrerheim Association. The association demonstrated a keen sense of business when, after several unsuccessful appointments, it signed a lease with the enterprising war veteran Johannes Klein. Politically, however, the native Alsatian was positioned far to the right even by the standards of the time and was involved in völkisch-nationalist circles, which gained momentum after World War I. Given these connections, it is not surprising that the NSDAP coveted the Deutscher Hof. Hitler’s compliant henchman, the Nuremberg Mayor Willy Liebel, described the situation in 1935 to the director of Siemens-Schuckert-Werke, Oskar Ritter von Petri, in these words: 'Tradition plays such a decisive role for the Führer and the party that the Hotel Deutscher Hof will not only remain the Führer’s Nuremberg residence for all time, but that the party itself also attaches great importance to becoming the owner and landlord of this hotel in the planned expanded form.' With the support of the Middle Franconian Gauleiter Julius Streicher, the NSDAP indeed managed to take ownership of the Deutscher Hof in 1935. Whether the Lehrerheim Association agreed to the sale voluntarily or under duress is unknown. At least the teachers were allowed to continue using their club house as tenants. Ironically, things turned out badly for the staunchly right-wing tenant: a specially founded operating company took over the management of the hotel and its gastronomy and sidelined Johannes Klein. Alternative view of the Deutscher Hof. Ref: 05.09.1938 - 28/35 With the 'planned expanded form', Liebel referred to the acquisition of the neighbouring property to the west, the Nuremberg administrative headquarters of Siemens-Schuckert-Werke. The Nazis also seized this magnificent building, completed in 1923 according to plans by Hans Hertlein. In exchange, Siemens-Schuckert received three plots of land at what is now Richard-Wagner-Platz, where the Sigmund Schuckert House was built by 1940. Between 1936 and 1937, Hitler had the extension of the Deutscher Hof rebuilt in the style of austere neoclassicism according to plans by Franz Ruff and equipped with a balcony. From this 'Führer’s balcony' the dictator henceforth reviewed parades on the Frauentorgraben during the Reich Party Days. This was only beneficial for the media staging of the Führer, as in previous years Hitler had to lean out of his room window in the old building to be seen by the cheering crowds (and cameras). Thus, the Deutscher Hof, along with the neighbouring opera house, became an integral part of the choreography of the Reich Party Days. During the renovation, the decorative elements of the 'old' Deutscher Hof also had to be sacrificed: the two porticos with their crowning concrete sculptures and the naked putto sitting on the corner terrace at the junction of Lessingstraße had to be removed without replacement. The domed roof turret of the Lessing Halls – which served as the outlet of the ventilation system – became a victim of material deliveries to the armaments industry during World War II due to its sheet metal cladding. When the British bombing rained down on Nuremberg’s Old Town and Tafelhof on 2nd January 1945, high-explosive bombs hit the junction of Lessingstraße and Frauentorgraben. They destroyed the north wing of the opera house. At the old building of the Deutscher Hof, they tore away the entire corner of the building down to the basement, and the new building burned out. The writer and teacher Fritz Nadler witnessed the downfall: 'It was a clear autumn day. The sirens wailed in the early afternoon. Then the bombers came. For only twenty minutes, the explosions roared during this first day of major attack. […] Bombs had also fallen on the ‘Ring’, trams were lifted off the tracks, piled up and shattered into each other. Flames licked out of a hundred windows of the ‘Führer’s hotel’. A devilishly black column of smoke rose to the cloudless sky, from which the sun, glowing red as if drenched in blood, shone down on the inferno […].' As the former property of the NSDAP, the Deutscher Hof passed into the ownership of the Free State of Bavaria after the war. Until 1949, the Nuremberg teachers fought for the rear building of the old building – with success. The new building, however, remained state-owned and served as the seat of the Federal Employment Office and the city’s employment office after its reconstruction. Source: Sebastian Gulden, https://jd-kielkowski.com/ Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

9th February 1933 News in Brief - Gersfeld Screenshot 2024-02-18 at 10.15.49.png Screenshot 2024-02-18 at 10.15.49.png 1/1 ← Previous Next → 'Terror in Gersfeld' Article from the C.V.-Zeitung , 9th February 1933, p.41. Based in Berlin and with a circulation of 40,000 - 60,000 copies (c.1935), it was the most popular political weekly amongst German Jews. The paper reported on Jewish life in German society and addressed the topic of antisemitism. 'Over the course of the last week the windows of various Jewish families in Gersfeld were smashed. Moreover, a Jewish businessman who gave chase when the windows were shattered was stabbed with a knife and seriously injured. The perpetrators fled but left behind a cap and gloves, so that one can expect them to be identified. Larger riots broke out on the evening of Saturday 4 February. The leader of the NSDAP, the carpenter Heun [William Heun (b.1894); joined the NSDAP in 1930], called on his followers at the marketplace to fetch the Jewish inhabitants from their houses. The fanaticised multitude hereupon marched to the house of the respected businessman Bachrach from the Liebstadter company. [Correctly: Sally Bacharach (b.1881); lived from 1909 in Gersfeld and moved to Fulda in March 1934 with his wife, Ida]. Three National Socialists forced entry into the house and injured the unsuspecting businessman Bachrach, who was sitting with his family, with punches and kicks that were so severe that he collapsed and required medical attention. The barbarous attack is all the more incomprehensible since businessman Bachrach has never been active politically and enjoyed widespread popularity both personally and in business.' Gruner, 2019, p.85 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

14th February 1945 Pages from 'PUNCH' 14th February 1945 Pages from 'PUNCH' Punch icon.png Punch icon.png 1/1 Cartoon from PUNCH magazine 14th February 1945. Hitler precariously straddles Frederick the Great's shoulders in a balancing act as his armies try to escape the eastern onslaught. The caption reads THE ROPE-WALKER Shade of Frederick the Great: 'I know I brought it off - but then I didn't have you on my back." Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Political Ranks (within the NSDAP) Political Ranks (within the NSDAP) 1/0 Political ranks within he NSDAP (as cited within the Brief History collection) Kreisleiter Wilfried Lämmel Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

31st December 1942 Camp 43, South Africa 1/0 POW Camp 43, South Africa See 31.12.1942 - 25/100 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Official postcard of the Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen depicting the cruise ship 'General von Steuben'. Ref: 16.09.1934 SS General von Steuben was a German passenger liner and later an armed transport ship of the German Navy that was sunk in the Baltic Sea during World War II. She was launched in 1923 as München (after the German city, sometimes spelled Muenchen), renamed General von Steuben in 1930 (after the famous German officer of the American Revolutionary War), and renamed Steuben in 1938. During World War II, the ship served as a troop accommodation vessel, and from 1944 as an armed transport. On 10th February 1945, while evacuating German military personnel, wounded soldiers, and civilian refugees during Operation Hannibal, the ship was torpedoed by the Soviet submarine S-13 and sank. An estimated 4,000 people lost their lives in the sinking. Source: Wikipedia 16th September 1934 Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen 1/1 Official postcard of the Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen depicting the cruise ship 'General von Steuben'. Ref: 16.09.1934 SS General von Steuben was a German passenger liner and later an armed transport ship of the German Navy that was sunk in the Baltic Sea during World War II. She was launched in 1923 as München (after the German city, sometimes spelled Muenchen), renamed General von Steuben in 1930 (after the famous German officer of the American Revolutionary War), and renamed Steuben in 1938. During World War II, the ship served as a troop accommodation vessel, and from 1944 as an armed transport. On 10th February 1945, while evacuating German military personnel, wounded soldiers, and civilian refugees during Operation Hannibal, the ship was torpedoed by the Soviet submarine S-13 and sank. An estimated 4,000 people lost their lives in the sinking. Source: Wikipedia NORDDEUTSCHER LLOYD BREMEN Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL) was a German shipping company. It was founded by Hermann Henrich Meier and Eduard Crüsemann in Bremen on 20th February 1857. It developed into one of the most important German shipping companies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was instrumental in the economic development of Bremen and Bremerhaven. On 1st September 1970, the company merged with Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) to form Hapag-Lloyd AG. From 1928 to 1939, the volume of passengers travelling between the US and Europe declined sharply. In 1928, the NDL transported about 8% of a passenger volume of 1,168,414 passengers; in 1932, 16.2% of the 751,592 passengers transported; in 1938, around 11% of 685,655 passengers. In addition, there was significant new competition from new Italian, French and British superliners: the Italian Rex (51,062 GRT) and Conte di Savoia (48,502 GRT), the French Normandie (79,280 GRT), and the British Queen Mary (80,744 GRT). Postal stationery of the NDL Bremen with 25 Pf Hindenburg medallion tied with the cancellation of the SS Bremen. Ref: 13.11.1933 The 1929 economic crisis which began in the US affected the German shipping companies. The NDL and the HAPAG therefore entered into a cooperation agreement in 1930, and beginning in 1935, instituted joint operations in the North Atlantic. The first signs of a merger were visible. By 1932, the NDL was in an economic crisis, with about 5,000 employees let go, salary cuts, and red ink. Glässel was dismissed. The government placed both NDL and HAPAG in trusteeship under Siegfried von Roedern, and following the death of Stimming, Heinrich F. Albert briefly became head of the NDL, followed after some eighteen months by the National Socialist Rudolph Firle. Bremen State Councillor Karl Lindemann was chairman of the board from 1933 to 1945. A programme of economic recovery by divestments and restructuring was initiated. HBAL and the Roland Line became independent companies once more, and other lines took over services to Africa and the Mediterranean. The Nazi regime ordered both NDL and HAPAG to relinquish ships to other lines which were to operate in their regions without competition from other German companies, in particular to Hamburg Süd, the Deutsche Afrika-Linien and the Deutsche Levante Linie. In 1935, the Scharnhorst , Gneisenau , and Potsdam , each with about 18,000 GRT, were placed in service for the Far East. The modernisation of the fleet continued and in 1937 the line made modest profits. In 1939 the Erlangen slipped out of Lyttelton Harbour (New Zealand) on 28th August, on the eve of World War II, ostensibly for Port Kembla, New South Wales, where she was to have filled her coal bunkers for the homeward passage to Europe. She then headed for the subantarctic Auckland Islands, where she successfully evaded the cruiser HMNZS Leander , and re-stocked with food and wood. The freighter then made a desperate and successful escape, using jury-rigged sails, to Valparaíso, Chile, in South America. She then made her way into the South Atlantic where, on 24th July 1941, she was intercepted off Montevideo by HMS Newcastle and scuttled by her crew. In 1939 NDL had in service 70 vessels with a total of 562,371 GRT, including the sail training vessel Kommodore Johnsen (now the Russian STS Sedov ), 3 daytrip ships, 19 tugs and 125 small ships, and employed 12,255, 8,811 on vessels. Nine further freighters were completed after the outbreak of World War II. This entire fleet was either lost during the war or awarded to the Allies as reparations. Columbus had to be sunk in 1939; Bremen burned in 1941; Steuben was sunk in the Baltic in 1945 with the loss of some 4,000 lives; Europa , claimed by France, became the Liberté in 1947. The Reich was the primary stockholder in the company, but in 1941/42, NDL was once more privatised and cigarette manufacturer Philipp Reemtsma became primary stockholder. Dr. Johannes Kulenkampff, a board member since 1932, and Richard Bertram, a board member since 1937, became Chairman in 1942. At the end of World War II the company's headquarters (which had in any case been sold in 1942) had been severely damaged by bombing and all its large vessels either destroyed or seized. It was left with only the freighter Bogotá , which was in Japan. Relicensed by the American military administration on 29th November 1945 as a 'coastal shipping and stevedoring company', it started again, as after World War I, practically from zero, offering tugboat and day-tripper services. Source: Wikipedia Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

16th July 1937 Tag der Deutschen Kunst 1937 16th July 1937 Tag der Deutschen Kunst 1937 16.07.1937 reverse.jpeg 16.07.1937 reverse.jpeg 1/1 Official postcard commemorating the Day of German Art. Published by Photo-Hoffmann, München. Featuring cancellation JB:Munich98/554. Ref: 16.07.1937 Tag der Deutschen Kunst 1937 Link to an on-line article explaining the Tag der Deutschen Kunst 1937 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

19th September 1942 JB: Bernkastel 1/0

Winterhilfewerk d.Deutsche Volkes postcards 1933/34 Winterhilfewerk d.Deutsche Volkes postcards 1933/34 1/1 Winterhilfswerke d.Deutschen Volkes 1933/34 Index of postcards Unsere Marine in Krieg und Frieden Our navy in war and peace (no series number) SMS Franfurt (see 17/79) SMS Magdeburg (see 17/79) SMS Brummer (see 17/79) Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

ENTERTAINMENT ENTERTAINMENT 1/1 ENTERTAINMENT DIRECTORY Cabaret, Theatre, Variety, Circus & Fair A B C D E F G H I J K Krupp , Gertl & Scholz , Inge - the unrivalled female impersonators - see 27/46 L Liliput - Schaefer's Märchenstadt 'Liliput' Berlin - see 26.05.1942 M N O P Palmgarten-Betriebe - Tanz-Cabarett, Manheim - see 27/4 Q R Rose & Red - 'a fresh and cheerful affair, featuring tap dancing and all sorts of dance-acrobatic antics' - advertising card for shows at the Scala-Variete, Frankfurt, and Astoria-Tivoly, Bremerhaven. See 27/96 S T U V W X Y Z Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page