23rd April 1934 Sangerschaft Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Commercial cover sent from supermarket co-operative 'Edeka' in Leipzig. Featuring a C.2 Francotyp Model 'B' machine cancel. Ref: 05.11.1934 - 16/86 5th November 1934 Edeka Commercial cover sent from supermarket co-operative 'Edeka' in Leipzig. Featuring a C.2 Francotyp Model 'B' machine cancel. Ref: 05.11.1934 - 16/86 'Edeka' The Edeka Group is the largest German supermarket corporation as of 2017, holding a market share of 25.3%. Founded in 1907, it currently consists of several co-operatives of independent supermarkets, all operating under the umbrella organisation Edeka Zentrale AG & Co KG , with headquarters in Hamburg. There are approximately 4,100 stores with the Edeka nameplate, ranging from small corner stores to hypermarkets. On 16th November 2007, Edeka reached an agreement with Tengelmann to purchase a 70% majority stake in Tengelmann's Plus discounter store division, which was then merged into Edeka's Netto brand, resulting in around 4,200 stores by 2018. Across all brands, the company operated a total of 13,646 stores at the end of 2017. The cooperative was founded in 1907 as the E.d.K. ( Einkaufsgenossenschaft der Kolonialwarenhändler im Halleschen Torbezirk zu Berlin , Purchasing Cooperative of Colonial Goods Retailers in the Hallesches Tor district of Berlin). In 1911, it was renamed as Edeka, a phonetic expansion of the previous abbreviation. The Edekabank was founded in 1914 and, from 1923, central billing was introduced. Although the name contains 'Berlin', the group was officially founded in Leipzig. After the Second World War and the collapse of the Third Reich, the reconstruction of the store network was led from the new Hamburg central offices. In 1972, the cooperatives changed structure and formed twelve regional companies, the umbrella corporation and the Edekabank converting from a cooperative to a public limited company. Source: Wikipedia Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

6 Rpf postal stationery Commemorating the Death of Paul Von Hindenburg. First issued 4th September. Valid until 31st December 1935. H&G 234, Mi. P235a (Beige/Buff). Ref: 01.12.1934. Also see 31.10.1934 1st December 1934 Hermann Sieger 6 Rpf postal stationery Commemorating the Death of Paul Von Hindenburg. First issued 4th September. Valid until 31st December 1935. H&G 234, Mi. P235a (Beige/Buff). Ref: 01.12.1934. Also see 31.10.1934 In the typed message to the reverse there appears to be some confusion and consternation between the correspondents regarding the supply of Zeppelin related postcards from Denmark and acquisition of further postcards from South America! Hermann Ernst Sieger (1902 - 1954) In 1922 Sieger founded his eponymous company, publishing his first Zeppelin postal catalogue in 1930. This highly renown publication simply became known as the 'Sieger Catalogue'. Subsequently, he became curator of the collection at the Liechtenstein Postal Museum, as well as philatelic advisor to Zeppelin A.G. It is also noted that in 1932 Sieger became a founding member of the local NSDAP group in Lorch, and its group leader until 1945. Following Sieger's death the company was, and still is, run by family members. Click here for the companies involvement in the Apollo 15 Stamp Affair . Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

1st November 1933 Wagner 1933 Booklet Fridericus 1933 , Hindenburg 1933 , Wagner 1933 , Hindenburg 1934 , Professions 1934 , Folk Costumes 1935 , Olympic Games 1936 , Hindenburg 1936/37 , Modern Buildings 1936 , Hindenburg 1937/39 , Ships 1937 , Ostmark 1938 , Hindenburg 1939 , Buildings 1939 , Hindenburg 1940/41 , Buildings 1940 , Adolf Hitler 1941 Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

23rd March 1933 News in Brief - Enabling Act ← Previous Next → The Enabling Act of 1933 Enacted on 23rd March 1933 HISTORICAL EXHIBITION PRESENTED BY THE GERMAN BUNDESTAG The political situation in the final stages of the Weimar Republic was confusing and unstable. Changing cabinets and coalitions and political, social and economic crises were the order of the day. Paul von Hindenburg, President of the Reich, was resorting more and more frequently to emergency decrees and dissolved the Reichstag twice in 1932. The prevailing political conditions facilitated the transition of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) from a radical splinter group to a party of government. In the two elections to the Reichstag in 1932 and in the election of 1933, which was free only on paper, the NSDAP won the largest share of the vote by far. On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the Reich by President Hindenburg. Hitler was thus placed at the head of a cabinet comprising non-attached Conservative ministers, members of the NSDAP and representatives of the German National People’s Party (DNVP). The direction in which the political situation would develop under Hitler became clear only shortly after he took office. The Reichstag Fire Decree (Reichstagsbrandverordnung), enacted only one day after the fire in the Reichstag building on 27 February 1933, severely curtailed fundamental rights, subjected the police largely to the control of the national government and thereby created all sorts of opportunities for the persecution and elimination of political opponents, which the police and the socalled auxiliary police forces formed by SA and SS troops exploited to the full. The next step towards the ‘Führer state’ was the abolition of parliamentary democracy and the rule of law. Although the NSDAP-led government had a stable working majority in the Reichstag, the National Socialists aspired to formalise their absolute de facto political power by means of an amendment to the Weimar Constitution. Through the ‘Act for the Removal of the Distress of the People and the Reich’ of 24 March 1933, more commonly known as the Enabling Act (Ermächtigungsgesetz), which consisted of only five articles, the government of the Reich was to be vested with almost unlimited powers to enact laws, even in cases where the legislation encroached on core provisions of the Constitution Since the Act entailed an amendment to the Weimar Constitution, its adoption required both a twothirds majority in Parliament and the presence in the Reichstag of at least two thirds of all its members. The prospects of achieving the requisite number of votes were good, since the mandates of the 81 deputies from the Communist Party of Germany had been rescinded under the Reichstag Fire Decree. Moreover, many Members of the Reichstag had already fled or been imprisoned or murdered. In order to secure the remaining votes, however, the support of the Centre Party was particularly important. In their negotiations with the Catholic party, Hitler and his Interior Minister, Wilhelm Frick, concealed the true purpose of the Act and emphasised its allegedly economic aims. They gave the Centre far-reaching guarantees on the continuing existence of the supreme organs of the Constitution and the Länder and promised to respect the rights of the churches, to safeguard fundamental rights and to establish a parliamentary committee to scrutinise legislative bills. In addition, they held out the prospect of a Concordat with the Vatican. With these promises, most of which were never honoured, the government finally managed to arrange the parliamentary support it required Besides the NSDAP deputies, those of the German National People’s Party, the Centre, the Bavarian People’s Party, the German State Party, the Christian Social People’s Service (Christlich-Sozialer Volksdienst) – a Protestant party – the German Farmers’ Party (Deutsche Bauernpartei) and the German People’s Party all voted for the Enabling Act. Only the deputies from the Social Democratic Party of Germany voted en bloc against the bill, in spite of the massive intimidation by the SA and SS, whose troops had moved in to surround the Kroll Opera House, where the Reichstag was now meeting. The chairman of the SPD parliamentary group, Otto Wels, combined the explanation of his group’s rejection of the Enabling Act with a passionate profession of faith in parliamentary democracy. “The elections of 5 March gave the governing parties a majority, thereby giving them the right to govern in strict accordance with the spirit and letter of the Constitution. Where that right exists, there also exists an obligation. Criticism is salutary and necessary. Never in the existence of a German Reichstag has the scrutiny of public affairs by the elected representatives of the people been stifled to such an extent as is happening now and as will happen even more under the new Enabling Act. The effects of such government omnipotence will surely be made all the more disastrous by the fact that the press is also bereft of any freedom of action.” In spite of these plain words and the clear depiction of the intended consequences of the Act, only 94 deputies voted against the bill compared with 444 who voted in favour. This means that there would have been a sufficient majority for a constitutional amendment even if the Communist deputies had been able to take part in the vote. Even today, however, it remains a moot point whether the adoption of the Enabling Act was actually consistent with the provisions of the Weimar Constitution. The adoption of the Act on 23 March 1933 enabled Adolf Hitler’s government to enact laws without the consent of the Reichstag, which continued to exist, or of the Reichsrat and without the countersignature of the President of the Reich. These extensive powers also applied, almost without restriction, to constitutional amendments and to treaties with other states. The Act thus marked the final eclipse of the democratic state based on the rule of law and the abolition of parliamentary democracy. All the legislation of the National Socialist state was based on the Enabling Act. It served to centralise the public administration, the judiciary, the security apparatus and the armed forces in accordance with the ‘Führer principle’, to standardise political life in accordance with National Socialist principles (Gleichschaltung) by banning political parties and mass organisations and to abolish freedom of the press. The concentration of power in the hands of the government, and hence in the person of Adolf Hitler, sealed the transition to dictatorship. The Enabling Act was initially adopted for a four-year period but was extended in 1937, 1939 and 1943. It remained the basis of all legislation throughout the Nazi dictatorship and was finally abolished after the capitulation by Law No 1 of the Allied Control Council on 20 September 1945. Bibliographical references: Jörg Biesemann, Das Ermächtigungsgesetz als Grundlage der Gesetzgebung im nationalsozialistischen Staat. Ein Beitrag zur Stellung des Gesetzes in der Verfassungsgeschichte 1919-1945 (Studien zur Politikwissenschaft, No 13). Münster, 1987. Martin Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers. Munich, 1969. Irene Strenge, Machtübernahme 1933 – Alles auf legalem Weg? Berlin, 2002. Administration of the German Bundestag, Research Section WD 1, March 2006. Source: www.bundestag.de Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page https://www.briefhistory.co.uk/1933/sott-26.05.1933

24th August 1933 Douglas Gordon Evans Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

11th September 1934 Carl Hagenbeck Zoo Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

Postal Stationery Mi. P194I (0.2mm thickness) - Marshal von Hindenburg 5 Rpf yellow green issued in 1931 (similar to Mi. P180 issued in 1928). 'Absender' block of text in upper left panel 21mm top to bottom. Note: There is a serrated edge version (Mi. P194II), which is rarer and therefore of greater value. Ref: 09.03.1933 9th March 1933 Mi.P194 I Postal Stationery Mi. P194I (0.2mm thickness) - Marshal von Hindenburg 5 Rpf yellow green issued in 1931 (similar to Mi. P180 issued in 1928). 'Absender' block of text in upper left panel 21mm top to bottom. Note: There is a serrated edge version (Mi. P194II), which is rarer and therefore of greater value. Ref: 09.03.1933 The postcard was sent from a dampfbäckerei (steam oven) business in Munich. Link to wikipedia steam oven page. Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

31st October 1934 Mi.P235a Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

'Ross' Verlag postcard depicting film actress Renate Müller. Featuring a generic cancellation from Bielfeld (JB:114/813). Ref: 09.03.1933 9th March 1933 Renate Müller 'Ross' Verlag postcard depicting film actress Renate Müller. Featuring a generic cancellation from Bielfeld (JB:114/813). Ref: 09.03.1933 Renate Muller Renate Müller (1906 - 1937) was a German singer and actress in both silent films and sound films, as well as on stage. One of the most successful actresses in German films from the early 1930s, she was courted by the Nazi Party to appear in films that promoted their ideals, but refused. Her sudden death at the age of 31 was initially attributed to epilepsy, but after the end of World War II, some commentators asserted that she was in fact murdered by Gestapo officers, others that she committed suicide. The true circumstances of her death remain unknown. Born in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, Germany, Müller entered films in 1929 in Berlin, and quickly became popular. A blue-eyed blonde, she was considered to be one of the great beauties of her day, and, along with Marlene Dietrich, was seen to embody fashionable Berlin society. She starred in more than twenty German films, including Viktor und Viktoria (1933), one of her biggest successes, which was remade decades later as Victor Victoria with Julie Andrews. After making Sunshine Susie (1932) in England, she returned to Germany and was delayed by anti-German French officials for a short time in Paris. The incident was used by Dennis Wheatley as a basis for his short story, 'Espionage'. The story and a short discussion of the incident are included in Wheatley's short story collection Mediterranean Nights . With the rise of the Nazi Party, Müller came to be regarded as an ideal 'Aryan' woman, and, particularly in light of Dietrich's move to Hollywood, was courted and promoted as Germany's leading film actress. When Müller died suddenly, the German press stated the cause as epilepsy. However, it was later revealed that she had died as a result of a fall from a hotel (or hospital) window. According to Channel 4 documentary 'Sex and the Swastika', aired in February 2009, she jumped from a Berlin hospital window where she was being treated for a knee injury or drug addiction. Officially described as a suicide, it was theorised that she took her own life when her relationship with Nazi leaders deteriorated after she showed unwillingness to appear in propaganda films. She was also known to have been pressured to end a relationship with her Jewish lover, but had refused. Near the end of her life, she became addicted to morphine and abused alcohol. Witnesses also recalled seeing several Gestapo officers entering her building shortly before she died. It has been asserted that she was either murdered by Gestapo officers who threw her from a window, or that she panicked when she saw them arrive and jumped. The true circumstances surrounding her death remain unclear. According to Uwe Klöckner-Draga in his book 'Renate Müller – Ihr Leben ein Drahtseilakt', on 3rd April, Goebbels wrote in his diary: 'Renate tells me her tale of woe. She is a sick woman.' On the 6th, he mentioned that she had been interrogated in a very dishonourable way, and on 25th June: 'Renate Müller! I help her.' At the end of September – according to her sister Gabriele – Renate was drunk and sitting on a window sill when she lost her balance. Müller's life and death were portrayed in the 1960 film Sweetheart of the Gods . Source: Wikipedia (2024) Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

31st July 1934 Bochmann Schramberg Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page

17th July 1934 Familien Stammbuch Contact Brief History to inform us of additional information regarding this page